Psyc

Front 1

Who is Sigmund Freud and what is he known for

Back 1

founder of psychoanalysis

He studied and helped people with a variety of mental disorders.

Front 2

Who is Wilhem Wundt is and describe his experiment

Back 2

Founder of Psychology

Askedparticipants to hit a key

1. When theball hit the platform

2. Whenthey we aware that the ball hit the platform

3. Awarenessis slower

Wundtadded key elements to make psychology a science

Carefully measured observation

experiments

Front 3

nature vs nuture

Back 3

-To what extent are our traits

-already set at place at birth nature

-developin response to our environment/experience how much n/n contributes somethings are mostly genetics/somethings are experience

Front 4

hindsight bias

Back 4

I knew it all along

High risk of accident in driving a car fastexample

Front 5

The coincidence error

Back 5

mistakenlyperceiving order in random events: “the dice must be fixed because you rolledthree sixes in a row”

Front 6

Overconfidenceerror

Back 6

“I am sure I am correct”

Front 7

Name the the 3 parts of ScientificAttitude

Back 7

Curiosity: Always asking new questions

Skepticism: Not accepting a ‘fact’ as true w/ochallenging it; seeing if facts can withstand attempts to disprove them

Humility: Refers to seeking the truth ratherthan trying to be right; a scientist needs to be able to accept being wrong

Front 8

define, describe, and provide examples of critical thinking

Back 8

Criticalthinking: analyzinginformation, arguments, and conclusions, to decideif they make sense, rather than simply accepting it.

Look forhidden assumptions, hidden bias (politics, values, personalconnections)Put aside your own assumptions and bias See if there was a flaw in how the info wascollected Consider other possible explanations

Front 9

identify the stages of the research process

Back 9

Theories lead to

Hypotheses lead to

Research and observations (confirm, reject or revise)

Front 10

Define and describe a Case Study

Back 10

Examining oneindividual in depth

Front 11

Define and describe Natural Observation

Back 11

Observing “natural” behavior means just watching (and taking notes),and not trying to change anything

this could include your presence (ex. Professorat a college party) Jane Goodall did a great job of staying in the backgroundto not to be seen.

Front 12

Define and describe The Survey/Interview

Back 12

A method of gathering information about their thoughts and behaviors throughself-report rather than observation. Relies on honesty about topic. (lie tointerviewer and to themselves)

Front 13

describe random sampling and why is it important

Back 13

atechnique for making sure that every individual in a population has an equalchance of being in your sample. This is because time and money are a factor.

Front 14

What type of correlation is illustratedin this scatterplot?

Back 14

Strong positive

Front 15

describe correlationand interpret correlation coefficients

Back 15

Thecorrelation coefficient is a number representing how closely and in what waytwo variables correlate(change together)

Correlationis not causation (There could be a third variable)

Front 16

howdo we find out about causation?

Back 16

Experimentation- manipulating one factor in asituation to determine its effect

Ex. Vaccines and autism happen around the sametime

Front 17

the independent variable

Back 17

Variable we manipulate

Front 18

dependent variable

Back 18

Variablewe expect to experience a change

Front 19

Placebo effect

Back 19

experimentaleffects that are caused by expectationsabout the intervention

Front 20

describe the biopsychosocial model

Back 20

states that health and illness are determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors.

Front 21

label the parts of the neuron and identify their function

Back 21

Front 22

describe the action potential

Back 22

a neural impulse that travels down anaxon like a wave

Main point: transfer of negativeand positive ions

Front 23

describe the all-or-noneresponse with action potential

Back 23

Once you start the wave, it keeps going. Ex. you either shoot a gun or you don’t, or send a email or you don’t Happens at the same speed no matter what

Front 24

what are neurotransmitters

Back 24

chemicals used to send a signal across the synaptic gap.

Front 25

What is the difference between the Central Nervous System and the PeripheralNervous System

Back 25

The Central Nervous System (CNS) the brain and spinal cord the body’s decision maker.

ThePeripheral Nervous System (CNS) gathers information from the body sends CNS decisions out to the body

the nerves from the fingers to the arm is this, Central Nervous system works with it

Front 26

What is the difference between the Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System

Back 26

Autonomic- controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands

Somatic- controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

Front 27

What is the difference between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 27

Sympathetic- arouses(fight-or-flight)

Parasympathetic and sympathetic- always looking for equalibrium. calms(rest and digest)

Front 28

describe interneurons and the reflex

Back 28

Interneurons in the SpineDecisionsmade without the brain ex. reflex

Front 29

identify and define the 4 tools used to measurebrain activity

Back 29

EEG: electroencephalogram- recordingof electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface

PET: positron emission tomography- traceswhere a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging- makesimagesofbrain structures from signalsproduced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms.

fMRI: functional MRI-revealsbrain activity and function rather thanstructures.

Front 30

label the 4 lobes of the brain

Back 30

Front 31

locate the structures of the brain regions

Back 31

Front 32

describe the Phineas Gage case

-where thebrain damage happened

-how ithappened

-theeffects of the damage

Back 32

In awork accident, a metal rod shot up through his skull, destroying his eye and part of his frontallobes

After healing, he was rude, odd,irritable, and unpredictable.Had time management issues

Front 33

what it means to say the brain is “plastic”

Back 33

If the brain is damaged, thebrain does not repair damaged neurons, BUT it can restore some functions

itcan form new connections, reorganize, reassign brain areas to new functions.

Plasticity: The Brain is Adaptable

Front 34

Be able to describe the split brain studies

-why wasthe operation performed

-how did iteffect the day to day life of the individuals

-how were the scientists able to use these patients tounderstand how the brain processes information

Back 34

Toend severe whole-brain seizures, some people have had surgery to cut the corpuscallosum, a band of axons connecting thehemispheres

Front 35

what is the meaning of lateralization and be able toidentify some brain functions that are lateralized

Back 35

Lateralization(“goingto one side”)The two hemispheres serve somedifferent functions

Brainscan studies show normal individuals engage their right brain when completing aperceptual task and their left brain when carrying out a linguistic task

Front 36

What are stimulants? give examples

Back 36

Increasesneural activity

effects: DilatedpupilslIncreasedbreathing and heart ratelIncreasedblood sugarlDecreasedappetite

Nicotine, cocaine, meth

Front 37

What are Depressants? give examples

Back 37

Reduces(depresses) neural activity

Inhalants (Glue,Kerosene, Butane) Barbiturates Alcohol, Opiates

Front 38

what are the different types of opiates

Back 38

codeine, fentanyl, hydrocodone

Front 39

What is the difference between physical dependence andpsychological dependence

Back 39

physical dependence, the body has been altered in waysthat create cravings for the drug (e.g. to end withdrawal symptoms

psychologicaldependence, a person’s resources for copingwith daily life wither as a drug becomes “needed” to relax, socialize, or sleep.

Front 40

define hypnosis

-be able to discuss thedifference between “entertaining” and “clinical”

-be able todiscuss the characteristics of those who are more easily hypnotized

Back 40

Analtered state of consciousness

Hypnoticsusceptibility is the degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions

–20% of people are highly hypnotizable

Moreeasily absorbed in imaginative activities Ableto focus and lose themselves in fantasy

Front 41

describe the different theories of why we dream

Back 41

Wishfulfillment- Dreamsprovide “psychic safety valve”; express otherwise unacceptable feelings, andcontain both manifest(remembered) content and a latentcontent (hidden meaning).

Information-processing-Dreamshelp us sort the day’s events and consolidate memories

Physiological function- Regular brain stimulation fromREM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways.

Activation-synthesis- REMsleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories, which areinterpreted into stories

Cognitive-developmental theory-Dreamcontent reflects the dreamers’ cognitive development—his or her knowledge andunderstanding

Front 42

the age differences in sleep needs

Back 42

Age:in general, newborns need 16 hours of sleep, while adults need 8 hours or less§§Individual(genetic) variation: some people function best with 6 hours, others with 9

Front 43

What stage alpha waves, delta wave,K-complexes, and sleep spindles occur in

Back 43

Stage 2: sleep spindles and k complex

stage 3: sleep spindles, delta

REM: alpha

Front 44

to identify the various altered states and formsof consciousness

Back 44

Spontaneously: daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

physiologically: hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

psychologically: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation

Front 45

What is the difference between consciousness andunconsciousness

Back 45

Conscious “high” track:our minds take deliberate actions we know we are doing Examples: problem solving, naming an object,reading a text

Unconscious“low” track:our minds perform automaticactions, often without being aware ofthemExamples: walking, acquiring phobias, watching traffic

Front 46

define selectiveattention and explain how it is related to the concept of inattentional blindness

Back 46

Selectiveattention–The focusing of conscious awareness on aparticular stimulus

Inattentionalblindness–Failing to see visible objects when ourattention is directed elsewhere–Change blindness/choice blindness (gorilla coming through when people are passing a basketball

Front 47

define circadianrhythms and what changes during the 24-ish hour cycle

Back 47

refers to the body’s natural24-hour cycle,roughly matching day/night cycle of light and dark.

what changes: bodytemperature

arousal/energy

mentalsharpness