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78 Cards in this Set
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china |
number 5 (5 elements) Confucius (different relationship types) Hsun Tzu (= chinese aristotle) (naturalist, education) Yin (soft, feminine, cold, moist) & Yang (force, hard, hot, dry) chi = energy flow mind plays dominant role, with body as its servant. |
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babylonia |
thousands of major and minor gods fear of demons charms, religious symbols or virtuous behaviour against demons |
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egypt |
worshipped plants, animals, sun, moon belief in immortality (--> mummification) heart = the seat of cognitive activity women = relatively high social status |
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india & pakistan |
Vedas (oldest scared indian books) includes psychological themes the greeks debated sense vs. intellect, the indians said neither is to be trusted. Instead we should rely on intuition. women = subjected to will of men |
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the hebrews |
-jewish psychology developed in context of radical monotheism (belief in single god) -stressed human responsibility and free will. -unique in their regard for children |
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persia |
prophet Zarathustra & holy book Avesta describes stimulant inducing euphoria to treat depression people have free will intellectual climate not friendly to growth of science |
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cosmologists |
= earliest greek philosophers interested in nature of the universe (cosmology) and origin of universe (cosmogony) Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Parminedes, Zeno, Heraclitus, Leucippus, Democritus |
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Thales |
earth - flat rimmed saucer floating on sea interested in single element that makes all things & in movement water = primal substance |
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Anaximander |
-First evolutionary theorist -Thales sucessor & pupil -life develops out of interaction of opposites -basic stuff of the universe = infinite and formless ("apeiron") (and is not water!) -first to advance a theory of organic evolution |
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Anaximenes |
air = primal substance of the universe can be transformed via condensation & rarefaction soul = rarified air |
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Pythagoras |
likely termed term "philosophy" shifted perspective from cosmology to human problems all things have numerical qualities brain = seat of mental life condemned slavery & appreciated female education |
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Xenophanes |
strict monotheist distinguished between knowledge & opinion (humans do only have opinions) |
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Parminedes |
reason & sense provide contrasting info about world. reason = means through which we move beyond realm of appearance emphasized a philosophy of being instead of philosophy of becoming light in our pupil reacts to real light, letting us see light (= against theory of opposites) |
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Zeno |
paradoxes of motion motion must be an illusion like other forms of change & becoming reason is superior to the senses approached foundations of differential calculus |
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Heraclitus: |
best known philosopher of becoming (vs. parminedes) often portrayed as weeping over human nature was unpopular "upon those that step into the rivers, different and different water flows" the soul can be dry (wise) or wet (harmful)\ trusted the senses. Believed vision to be more accurate than hearing. only change is real |
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1) Leucippus 2) Democritus |
= early atomists believed reality = composed of void & atoms. 1) founder of atomic theory 2) refined the theory |
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Democritus |
often portrayed as laughing about human nature believed that al objects give off images of themselves, consisting of thin layers of atoms shaped like the object argued for strict determinism |
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Alcmaeon |
-anatomical work --> dissection understood that brain is involved in thinking homeostatic-equilibrium theory of health (balance is key) |
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Hippocrates |
most famous physician of antiquity sometimes called "founder of medicine" devised naturalistic account of all diseases (physical & mental) first to classify emotional disorders disease results from disturbance of balance argued that if physicians can do no good, they should do no harm 4 elements manifest in 4 bodily humours |
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Protagoras |
relativism famous sophist/teacher argued that truth is relative (relativistic doctrine) |
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Socrates & knowledge |
we obtain knowledge through analysis of concepts self-knowledge = vital to virtue evil results from ignorance knowledge is the means by which and individual & society may advance |
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Plato |
presented his ideas in lierary form of the "dialogue" founded the "Academy" (first european university) influenced by Socrates early conflict model of psychological disorders |
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Plato & method |
senses play more important role in practice than theory but: rational processes can provide truth, while sensory processes can only provide opinion. The correct opinion may still offer practical value. |
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Plato: theory of forms |
points to the true, ideal world: perfect, unchanging, independent of individuals and known only through reason. the "eye of the soul" perceives the real world of forms as memories, images etc. |
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Plato & the "soul" |
plato did not provide clear definition term psyche = similar to soul 3 types of psyche: rational soul (head), effective soul (chest), appetitive soul (gut) soul = active & engaged |
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Plato & mental disorders important contributions |
1) recognition that irrational & asocial forces may dominate the mind 2) mental disorder = result of discord among the three types of psyche 3) mental problems result from ignorance (no self-knowledge, ignorance of the world of forms) |
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Aristotle |
joined Plato's Academy at age 17 founded the Lyceum school sympathetic to some features of Plato's rationalism, but was an unapologetic empiricist founded Zoology founded formal logic |
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Aristotle: Soul & Body |
radically different picture of the soul than Plato
(Plato: soul is imprisoned in body)
soul & body = as independent as matter and form --> hylomorphism (there is no shape without material, no material without shape)
the mental is not seperate from the physical |
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Aristotle & memory |
memory = a sense in that it perceives time memory = based on something within us, like an image. If the receiving surface is not conducive or decaying, memory will be impaired (elderly). distinguished between memory & recollection recollection = search for an "image", active process, involves effort. Cannot occur without memory) memory = can be spontaneous & can occur without recollection. |
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Aristotle & sensing |
sensation depends partly on sense objects special objects: can be detected by just one sense common sensibles: activities that are common to all senses (figure, number, magnitude, movement, rest) |
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Aristotle & imagination |
his term "phantasia" --> imagination, or mental image perception of special objects is always error-free, but imagination can lead to falsehoods since thinking is impossible without mental imagery, thinking is also susceptible to error. |
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Aristotle & dreams |
argued that dreams are not divine messages dream = a presentation based on the movement of sense impressions whens such presentation occurs during sleep dreams may point to pathology & may represent small bodily changes |
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Aristotle: motivation & values |
an action is not good because it yields enjoyment. An action yields enjoyment because it is good. unlike other animals we have unique capacity for reason, which is a manifestation of the "good" |
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Myia |
daughter of pythagoras care of infants: -milk -bland foods -moderate temp -ventilation -soft clothing |
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Galen |
second next to Hippocrates in history of medicine anatomical studies on animals & humans personality theory: 4 temperaments (choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic & sanguine (optimistic)) proof that mental states have physical consequences: experience of seeing patient react to a dancer she's in love with: expression changed & irregular heart beat pneuma = air drawn in as breath, to describe 3 vital principles of life: -natural spirit (survival) -vital spirit (regulates body temp, sits in heart) -animal spirit (controls higher cognitive functions, sits in brain) |
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Stoicism |
founded by Zeno of Cyprus focus: discipline, self-control & lawfulness of nature advocated suppression of self will & appetite virtue is found in duty, reason and elimination of all passions. |
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Epictetus |
-stoist -born as slave, found freedom, allowed to attend lectures - we must trust that events unfold according to some bigger design (things happen for a reason) |
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Epicureanism |
pleasure = good pain = evil, to be avoided but warned against excesses that lead to temporary pleasure but long term discomfort. one should strive for an uncomplicated existence |
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lucretius |
= an epicurean argued that mind cannot exist apart from body, and that the mind grows with the body (not that spirits are slipped into the body from outside) believed in atoms, and thought an interference of swerving atoms with a determinist order represents the basis of free will. |
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Neo-Platonism |
most important school of philosophy, after Aristotle combined early greek traditions with Jewish & christian mysticism wedding of philosophy & religion founded by Plotinus |
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Plotinus |
founder of neo-platonism 3 things are above matter: god, intellect, soul (merged platonic thought with religion: hierarchy with god as cause and center) bodies = temporary carriers of the soul levels of being get their existance & meaning from god |
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Skepticism |
rooted in works of pre-Socratic philosophers like Anaximander & Heraclitus (focus on changing nature of all things)
= theory that certain knowledge is impossible
advanced by Phyrro
and later by Sextus Empericus |
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Sextus Empericus |
skepticist humans should suspend judgement on most manners and live on basis of probable truths. the opennes that comes with suspended judgement will lead to contentment, happiness & tranquility. |
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reasons for the fall of rome |
1) staggering decline in population 2) smaller families 3) the plague 4) infanticide 5) extensive military campaigns 6) emasculation of slaves |
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middle ages |
period between the fall of rome & the rise of the renaissance
magical & superstitious thinking was widespread & seem primitive compared to earlier naturalistic approaches (like Hippocrates, Galen)
trial by ordeal (infliction of injury) or trial by combat = tests of truth
still, real discovery & progress occurred (i.e. precursors to modern universities & hospitals, eyeglasses, clock, gunpowder) |
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solutions to revelations vs. reason during the middle ages: |
1) revelations by scriptures leads to more accurate conclusions than reason 2) proper reason & the authority of scripture complement each other = most common 3) 2-domain theory: both are different discourses and hard to reconcile = risky 4) primacy of reason = dangerous |
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Tertullian |
early christian scholar, called "first Christian Psychologist" believed that revelation of scripture offered hope & optimism placed "truth of revelation" at top of his world view |
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Aurelius Augustine |
pivotal figure in transition from roman period to middle ages wrote first autobiographical book in western world ("confessions") --> case study of psychology of religion (chronicles his conversion) infants: self-seeking, asocial, brutish. protested punishment in schools (interferes with curiosity) |
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Boethius |
founder of middle ages used reason to support & defend christian doctrine interested in nature of evil, nature of god, free will and source of happiness (= onness with god) |
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Rhazes |
spoke out against demon-concept of disease & arbitrary use of authority in science believed in atomic theory, 4 element theory & humor theory hygiene & pathology (first to apply chemistry to medical research) |
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Avicenna |
most influential Arabian philosopher & physician of middle ages practiced medicine & wrote almost 100 books on science, medicine & philosphy greatest contribution = attempt to reconcile faith & reason |
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1) Alhazen 2) Al-Ghazali 3) Averroes |
1) study of optics & vision 2) respected msytic & legal scholar, prominent teacher in Baghdad. Argued against reason and empiricism (cause/effect is an illusion, because god produces every effect) 3) greatest Arabian philosopher, worked in Aristotelian tradition |
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Maimonides |
greatest jewish philosopher-physician of his time believed conflict between reason & faith is the result of interpreting scripture literally for intelligent people, a marriage between faith & reason is possible |
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Rise of european universities |
- middle ages - began to emerge in 10th & 11th centuries - gained momentum by 12th century |
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Peter Abelaard |
most renowned teacher & scholar of 12th century focus: ethics, logic, and theology = controversial believed reason = gift from god first to promote term "theology" and define it as: reconciliation of reason with christian revelation) |
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Heloise |
- romantically linked with Abelaard -discussed tensions between love as a means to an end & "indifferent love" (love for the sake of love, not mere physical gratification) believed human action must be understood in terms of intention (like Abelaard) |
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Roger Bacon |
took radical stand in supporting mathematics & science as keys to understand theology & god author of "opus majus" 4 cause of human error/ignorance: reliance on authority, habit/tradition, prejudices, conceit about our knowledge emphasised importance of learning & broad curriculum |
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Aquinas |
greatest church doctor since St. Augustine author of "summa theologica" committed to a reconciliation of faith & reason accepted Aristotle's view of unity of soul & body he alone made the church change course and come to terms with Aristotelian teachings took middle road between empiricism & rationalism (observational empiricist) |
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Examples of philosophers committed to reconciliation of faith & reason |
Bacon, Maimonides, Avicenna, Aquinas |
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Examples of philosophers committed to atomic theory, 4 elements theory & humor theory |
Democritus, Empedocles, Hippocrates |
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Aristotle vs. Plato on "soul" |
Aristotle : unity of body & soul Plato: soul is imprisoned in body |
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William Ockhardt |
Law of parsimony ("Ockhardt's razor"): all things being equal, a simple explanation is preferred to a to a complex one |
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Renaissance |
means: rebirth, 14th -16th century inspired an almost unprecedented growth & shift in perspective printing press changed communications, new geographic discoveries (1st voyage around the earth) was ushered in the plague (black death) --> contributed to doubts about authorities & institutions (church didn't protect us) rediscovery of the classics kindled interest in human problems (& reduced interest in theology) power & authority of church started diminishing new interest in mapmaking, human anatomy, mathematics (business, banking) |
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indulgence |
= exchange of money for a spiritual favor church was struggling with huge financial demands |
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Martin Luther |
nailed 95 theses on a church door in Germany this ushered in the reformation, a protest movement. spearheaded the Protestant movement |
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earth = center of universe |
geocentric cosmology dominant in middle ages & early renaissance |
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heliocentric theory |
= idea of sun-centered cosmos Copernicus (polish) = founder of modern astronomy led to big change in perspective: described inherent, lawful, quantifiable natural forces --> promoted new openness (before: all forces = god) |
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Galileo Galilei |
built 32-power telescope, after collecting data his confidence in copernican theory was even stronger
promoted idea that experience can be amplified by tools or quantitative descriptions
wrote "the Dialogue" (comparison of heliocentric & geocentric theories) --> storm of controversy & house arrest |
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Petrarch |
early leader in renaissance humanism compatibilities between christian & classic thought, preferred Plato to Aristotle |
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Machiavelli |
founder of modern political science & modern military science interested in malleability of human behaviour & role of social influence. Fascinated with power, leadership, authority. Machiavellianism = amoral, manipulative attitude toward other individuals |
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Juan Vives |
true originator of modern psychology believed in inherent temperamental differences but also in social & environmental influences emotions may influence the body and the other way around (impact on Descartes) first to recognise emotional origin of some associations (ate cherry while fever, flashback) supported education for women & the poor |
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Leonardo da Vinci |
= a polymath, a versatile individual with proficiency in multiple disciplines, "a renaissance person" painter, scientist, inventor, engineer, architect, mechanic contribution to psychology: studies on senses, esp. vision. closer to bacon than Descartes: preferred experience to reason, argued there is no certainty without mathematics and that science needs to be practiced. |
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Paracelsus |
one of the most mysterious figures of Renaissance mental processes impact the body and vice versa harmony with nature = key to happiness |
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Michel de Montaigne |
= a french skeptic attempted to understand life in its own terms, without religious or metaphysical postulates invented a new literary form: Essays skeptical about possibility of gaining genuine knowledge wrote pivotal essay "apology" as attack on human knowledge & arrogance of reason humans are not superior to animals (original human malady) most problems of the world = grammatical, defects of language/communication effects of emotions & motives on beliefs change overtakes science: truth in one era will be replaced by truth in the next era |
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Montaigne & children |
lamented cruel child rearing practices and questioned why the courts ignored the physical abuse of children. Believed children should find pleasure in learning |
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Montaigne & change |
inconsistency of actions within individuals much more pronounced than consistency Greatest challenge confronting humans = growth toward consistency & integrity |
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Olivia Sabuco |
one of the first to write about passions and their effects consequences of emotion |
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Juan Huarte |
pioneer in study of aptitude, temperament, and individual differences we should study children from a young age to determine what studies fit them individually importance of introducing topics at appropriate age |
