Psyc 382 Chapter 9 Memory

Front 1

Sensory Memory

Back 1

Last a few seconds, high capacity, no conscious awareness and decays over time

Front 2

Short-term memory

Back 2

Lasts a couple mins, limited to 5-10 items (7 ideal), consciously aware and decays over time.

Front 3

Working memory

Back 3

Lasts a couple mins, limited to 5-10 items (7 ideal), consciously aware and decays over time. Involves the visuopsatial sketch pad, central executive and phonological loop. Primarily works in mental operations and manipulations.

Front 4

Long-term non-declarative memory

Back 4

Lasts days to years, high capacity you are NOT consciously aware and you forget via interference. Involves procedural memory, perceptual representation, classical condition and non-associative learning.

Front 5

Long-term declarative memory

Back 5

Lasts days to years, high capacity you ARE consciously aware and you forget via interference. Can be broken down into events (episodic memory) or facts (semantic memory)

Front 6

Encoding

Back 6

Creates memory traces that are to be stored. Comprised of two parts the acquisition and the consolidation.

Front 7

Acquisition

Back 7

The process by which sensory information is stored in a buffer and only certain info is chosen to be stored in short-term memmory.

Front 8

Consolidation

Back 8

When the brain stabilizes a memory over time resulting in long term-memory

Front 9

Storage

Back 9

Result of acquisition and consolidation and results in permanent memories

Front 10

Retrieval

Back 10

The act of accessing and using stored information for conscious representation or to execute a command.

Front 11

Episodic memory

Back 11

Specific memories about a personal experience from a particular time and place

Front 12

Semantic memory

Back 12

Memories that are specific to knowledge about the world, objects, priming, language, etc... not personal

Front 13

Procedural memory

Back 13

Memory of skills like motor and cognitive actions

Front 14

Classical conditioning

Back 14

A response between two stimuli that is learned and you are unaware to

Front 15

Non-associative learning

Back 15

Habituation and sensitization

Front 16

Amnesia

Back 16

A form or memory impairment that affects all of the senses

Front 17

Anterograde amnesia

Back 17

Loss of memories that occur after a lesion to a particular area in the brain

Front 18

Retrograde amnesia

Back 18

Loss of memories before the occurrence of a lesion, can sometimes on affect an hour or two this is called temporally limited

Front 19

Temporal gradient

Back 19

The phenomenon characterized by loss of memory closer to the accident in retrograde amnesia patients.

Front 20

H.M (Henry Molaison)

Back 20

Only lost memories from 2 years prior to a surgery. Some selective memory loss was present as far back as a decade, however apart from that he had no problems with other cognitive abilities. He could learn new motor procedures BUT couldn't remember how or being asked to learn it.

Front 21

Echoic memory

Back 21

Sensory memory that only involves sound, usually heard as an echo in your head.

Front 22

Iconic memory

Back 22

Sensory memory for your visual system

Front 23

Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model of memory

Back 23

Sensory inputs -> Sensory register (+ attention) -> short-term storage (+ rehearsal) -> long-term storage

Studies show this may not be accurate

Front 24

Decay

Back 24

Information is slowly lost over time

Front 25

Interference

Back 25

New information displaces old information

Front 26

Data from K.F. and E.E.

Back 26

Show's that there's a good chance short-term memory and long-term memory aren't linked in the way that was described in the Modal model method. Surgery to remove tumors in the inferior parietal cortex left short-term memory impaired but not long term memory.

Front 27

Central executive

Back 27

A cognitive system that is is in command of the interactions between two subordinate systems that are short term memory stores (phonological loop and visuospatial sketch pad)

Front 28

Phonological Loop

Back 28

Responsible for acoustically coding information in working memory, does a better job with recall when word/letters/etc... do not sound similar. Studies show that recall of lists of words that are similar are poor compared to lists of different words. Left hemisphere specialization (lateral frontal and inferior parietal lobes)

Front 29

Visuospatial Sketch pad

Back 29

Responsible for visually coding information in working memory. Damage to the right hemisphere offers more problems but damage in either hemisphere can cause issues (parieto-occipital area)

Front 30

Priming

Back 30

Change in response to a stimulus or recognition of a stimulus due to prior exposure to said stimuli OR a description of it

Front 31

Perceptual representation system (PRS)

Back 31

Structure of objects or words can be primed and have the affects last for months at a time. It mediates verbal and non-verbal priming of stimuli, does not rely on the medial temporal lobe because this is present in those with amnesia.

Front 32

Transient global amnesia (TGA)

Back 32

Most commonly caused by physical exertion in men and emotional stress in women. Normal blood flow is restricted to the brain similar symptoms to those with medial temporal lobe damage.

Front 33

Hippocampus

Back 33

Very important in memory. Damage to it and neural tracts around it and connected to it lead to a variety of memory problems. Patients with AD often see faster deterioration in this part of the brain.

Front 34

Amygdala

Back 34

When lesions affected both the HC and the A then damage was severe, however when the cortex surrounding these structures were spared then the presence or absence of A lesions didn't affect memory. Thus A is not involved in acquisition of LTM

Front 35

Rats and Water mazes

Back 35

Lesions to the hippocampus led to rats not being able to relate visual cues to the location of the platform to swim too, however when doing the test from the same place every time they can learn where to swim despite lesions in the hippocampus. Lead to the idea that hippocampus has a say in spatial memory.

Front 36

Relational Memory

Back 36

The hippocampus (info about representation of the item) and the parahippocampus (info about the context of the item) combine to form this type of memory. Also a form of episodic memory.

Front 37

Familiarity

Back 37

Left anterior medial parahippocampal gyrus and perirhinal cortex is activated during testing of this confidence based metric....hippocampus is not activated

Front 38

Activation during memory retrieval

Back 38

Areas in the neocortex that are involved in the perception of the senses (auditory with auditory).