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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the cohabitation effect?
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People who live together prior to marriage have a higher chance of divorcing than people who don't live together prior to being married.
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What are the risks for divorce?
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1. Immaturity: being young is a risk factor
2. Lack of homogamy: similar goals and interests 3. Lack of equality: exchange theory. |
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What are the reasons for the increase in divorce rates?
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1. Liberalization of divorce laws.
2. People have a higher expectation of marriage. |
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What are the gender differences when dealing with divorce?
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1. Men are more likely to be surprised.
2. Women are more likely to file for divorce. |
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What can cause Divorce proneness?
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1. People who are remarried are more likely to consider divorce as an option.
2. Remarried people are more critical of marriage. 3. Remarried people are more likely to have had family problems early in life. |
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Women over 30 are more or less likely to be:
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More likely:
- to breast feed - affectionate and sensitive to child's needs. - Time with baby Less likely: - to regard pregnancy as mistimed - to smoke while pregnant. |
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Stepfathers involvement increases with:
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- If they have biological children of their own.
-Became a stepfather early. -Have a good relationship with their ex-wife or partner - Have a good relationship with the biological father. |
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Theoretical perspectives on marriage
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That there is a huge decrease of marriage satisfaction in the years of parenthood, and it increases again after.
Problem: This could be due to the fact that people just get divorced when things get this low. Hence the increase in marriage satisfaction. They use cross sectional data, not longitudinal data. |
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What are the categories in Vocational Satisfaction?
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1. Conventional
2. Realistic 3 Investigative 4. Artistic 5. Social 6. Enterprising |
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Factors related to Intrinsic:
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-Factors in work itself
-Engage sense of identity -Allow expression of autonomy -Is intellectually challenging |
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Factors related to Extrinsic:
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-Features that accompany job ($$$)
-Conditions of work. |
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Explain Warr's Model of Age and Job performance.
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Looks at how certain jobs can get better or worse as people age.
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What are the 5 phases of retirement?
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1. Anticipatory Period
2. Decision to retire 3. Retirement 4. Continual Adjustment 5. Changes in Activity patterns. |
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Criteria of Retirement:
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1. Collection of government pension or benefits
2. Considers self retired. 3. Does not spend time at work. |
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Retirement Self Efficacy:
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People who believe that they will retire successfully.
-Engagement in rewarding activities -high self-esteem and perception of self as competent. |
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What are some of the effects of retirement on an individual?
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- Personality and adjustment to retirement
-Family events - High socioeonomic status - Income |
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What are some of the risk factors with retirement?
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- Retiring before age 62 has worst adjustment.
- Retiring in "off time" fashion -Loss of control over retirement decision - Amount of time for retiring 1/3 suffer stress after retirement |
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What were the results of Cornell's retirement and well-being study of women?
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women were:
-more likely to retire for family reasons -more likely than men to spend time in non-work activities -adjustment affected by heath of spouse and other family considerations. |
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What are the physical symptoms of imminent death?
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- Asleep most of the time
-Disoriented -Irregular breathing -Hallucinations -reduced vision -change in autonomic bodily functions - Anorexia-cachexia syndrome. |
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Morbidity:
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The amount of years that you are able to look after yourself for.
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Explain the changes that have happened over the years that have been associated with death. What is death like today?
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Death use to be beautiful and it has now changed to being invisible. People don't like being around ones that are dying.
Instead people put their beliefs around dying into the media and religion. |
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What are the 5 stages of death?
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1. Denial
2. Anger 3. Bargaining 4. Depression 5. Acceptance |
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What are the criticisms of the stages of death model?
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1. five stages must have become interpreted as stages that MUST be followed.
2. Theory is written about fairly young people. 3. Ignores the other emotions that the person might be feeling. 4. Researchers unable to establish existence of the stages. |
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Palliative Care:
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-Focus on pain and symptom management
- Patient does not have to be terminal. -May still be seeking aggressive treatment. |
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Hospice:
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-Focus on pain and symptom management.
- Patient has a terminal diagnosis with life expectancy of less than six months. -Not seeking curative treatment. |
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CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation):
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Non-surgical massage of the heart which has stopped to try and get it to work again.
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DNR (Do Not Resuscitate):
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This is an order from the patients that medical professionals should not try to attempt to save this persons life.
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Advance directives/ living wills:
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1. Instruction directives: Establish before hand how health care decisions will be made.
2. Proxy Directives: Establish who is to make health care decisions. |
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Physician- Assisted suicide:
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Individuals choose suicide and physicians assist in ending life.
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Euthanasia:
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Physician's action causes death.
Types: 1. Active Euthenasia: Deliberate action to end the life of a dying person to avoid further suffering. 2. Active voluntary euthanasia: A lethal injection by the doctor into a dying patient, that is requested by the sufferer. 3. Active- Involuntary Euthanasia: Lethal dose by a doctor without the patients request. 4. Passive Euthanasia: The deliberate disconnection of life support equipment that is sustaining a persons life. - Withholding a potentially life-sustaining treatment. - Withdrawal of potentially life sustaining treatment. |
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Palliative Sedation:
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(Passive Euthanasia)
- Umbrella term that is used to explain intermittent and continuous deep sedation. This includes: Potentially life-shortening symptom relief: Giving someone morphine that relieves pain, but shortens a persons life. Terminal Sedation/Snow: potentially life shortening deep sedation combined with cessation of food and nutrition. |
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Assisted Suicide:
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Intentially killing oneself with the assistance of another.
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Physician- Assisted suicide:
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Doctor provides a lethal dose of drugs that a dying person may choose to use to end their own life.
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Competent/Competency:
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Capable of understanding and appreciating relevant information and the nature and consequences of the decision to be made.
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What are the arguments for and against physician assisted suicide and euthanasia?
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Support:
- Individual has the right to make that decision. - Need to relieve suffering - Life can be extended beyond point of meaning. Opposed: - Promotes death as a solution to illness. -Day to day variation in desire to end one's life. -People who wish to end life are suicidally depressed. -Not necessary with adequate pain control. |
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What are the requirements with Oregon's "Death with Dignity Act"?
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- Must be 18
-Resident of Oregon -Competency and capable of communication. -Diagnosed with a terminal illness that will lead to death in 6 months. |
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What are the top end of life concerns for people who use the Death With Dignity Act?
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1. Losing Autonomy
2. Decreasing ability to participate in activities that make life enjoyable. 3. Loss of Dignity 4. Losing Control of bodily functions 5. Burden on family and friends. |
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What are the diagnostic axes of the DSM-IV?
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Axis I: Clinical syndromes and disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders and mental retardation Axis III: Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial stressors Axis V: General level of funtioning |
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What are the symptoms of depression?
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1. Affective or mood symptoms
2. Behavioral: Social Withdrawal 3. Cognitive: Problems thinking, difficulty concentrating and making decisions. 4. Somatic: Physical symptoms like insomnia and hypersomnia. |
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What are some of the likely causes for Depression in the elderly?
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1. Medical Conditions
-Women with B-12 deficiency - Hypothyroidism (common) - Metabolic: UTI or Uremia. 2. Medications... (a lot). 3. May not be even be depression, but Dementia. |
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What is the difference between Dementia and Late Depression in the elderly?
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The prevalence in dementia is a lot higher in the elderly (12-50%) compared to Depression (1-4%)
Depression is common in 40% of people after an ischemic stroke. |
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What are risk factors for suicide in the elderly?
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-Living alone
-Being Male - Loss of spouse -Failing health |
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What are the symptoms for Mania?
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- Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
- Decreased need for sleep - Pressured speech - Flight of ideas - highly distractible |
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What kind of pharmacology is used to treat mood disorders and how do they work?
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SSRI: Prozac and Effexor-- These impact serotonin and noradrenaline
Corisol regulation is disrupted. |
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What are the types of anxiety disorders?
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1. General Anxiety
2. Panic disorder 3. Agoraphobia 4. Specific phobia 5. Social phobia 6. OCD 7. PTSD |
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What kind of pharmacology is used to treat anxiety?
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Benzodiazepines: GABA
Antidepressants Psychotherapy is the best treatment to prevent relapse |
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What are the criteria for a Schizophrenia diagnosis?
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Criterion A: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms.
Criterion B: Significant impairment in daily life Criterion C: Duration of symptoms last longer than 6 months. |
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What are the different types of Schizophrenia?
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1. Catatonic: bizarre motor behavior.
2. Paranoid: Delusions 3. Undifferentiated: No consistant theme. 4. Disorganized: flat affect, disorganized speech and behaviour. 5. Residual: No longer meet criteria, but still show symptoms. |
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What's the difference between positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia?
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Positive: Reality distortion.
Negative: Cognitive deficits, blunted effect, amotivation. -These effects are harder to get rid of. |
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What are the Personality Disorder Clusters?
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Cluster A: Odd and Eccentric
-Schizoid -Schizotypal -Paranoid Cluster B: Dramatic and Unpredictable -Borderline -Histrionic -Narcissistic -Antisocial Cluster C: Anxious and fearful. -Avoidant - Dependant -Obsessive compulsive |
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What is the maturation Hypothesis?
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Aging associated with a decrease in "immature" personality types. Big decrease in cluster B
Improvement in: -Borderline (B) -Histrionic (B) -Narcissistic (B) -Antisocial (B) Worsening of: -Obsessive Compulsive (C) -Schizoid (A) -Paranoid (A) |
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What are the effects of Electroconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT)?
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-Useful for treating intractable depression in the elderly with its quick rapid response and few physiological side effects
-High relapse rate. - Memory loss |
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What are the cognitive effects of ECT?
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Acute effects: Disorientation/ delerium. (72 hours)
Subacute Effects: Memory, language, psychomotor (1-4 weeks) Long-term effects: Autobiographical memory (6 months) |
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Variations in Cohabitation rates are?
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social and personal
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What are some of the characteristics of single parent families?
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- Many parents report frustration, guilt, ambivalence about children
- Financially, single mothers are hit the hardest. - Emotionally, single fathers are hit the hardest. |
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What are the top 4 end of life concerns?
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1. Losing autonomy
2. Decreasing ability to participate in activities that make life enjoyable 3. loss of dignity 4. Losing control of bodily functions. |
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What are the insights into hastening one's death?
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1. terminally ill patients sought right to die after long period of reflection.
2. Primarily driven by desire for control over the place and timing of death. 3. Depression was not a factor. 4. Lack of access to health care or palliative care not a factor. |
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What are the 3 areas found in MacArthur;s Fountation study of successful aging?
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1. Absence of disease.
2. High physical and cognitive functioning 3. Maintain engagement with life. |
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What is the social indicator model of well-being and how is it a paradox?
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Age, gender, marital status and income all account for well being. Therefore older adults should have lower well being.
HOWEVER. Older adults may be lower on social indicators, BUT they have high levels of well being. |
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What were the findings of the MIDUS study on subjective well-being?
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- It varied as a function of gender, personality, and marital status.
-Women: Positive affects highest in oldest groups. -Men: Higher positive affect scores in later life only for introverted (extroverted were higher throughout). |
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Lehman's relationship between aging and creativity.
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Athletes and Science people: Peak early.
Creative and music: Peak mid age. Presidents and head people: Late in life. |
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What are the components of Simonton's model?
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1. Creative potential: The number of works in unlimited lifespan
2. Ideation: the production of new ideas for new products. 3. Elaboration: transforming ideas into products. = Creative products. Calculated on basis of career age. |
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What can be concluded from simonton's research?
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1. emphasis on career age, not actual age.
2. Productivity in later life higher among those who begin later. 3. High creative potential leads to high rate of productivity early and later in career. 4. Model allows possibility of highly creative older people. |
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What are the critiques of the 5-factor model?
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- circular
-methodological problems - doesn't access core aspects of human nature -not predictive of behaviour -assumes that people can rate their own personality characteristics. |
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What are the themes of Midlife Crisis?
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1. Overcoming disillusionment
2. Making life structure decisions 3. Resolving polarities of personality. |
