Psyc 310

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A PERSON'S COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF SELF IS REFERRE TO AS THE INDIVIDUAL'S:

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SELF-UNDERSTANDING

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WHAT IS NOT AN ASPECT OF SELF-UNDERSTANDING?

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FAMILIAL KNOWLEDGE

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INCLUDE THE GENERALIZED ASCRIPTIONS INDIVIDUALS MAKE ABOUT THEMSELVES.

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REPRESENTATIONS OF THE SELF

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ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO IDENTIFY WHICH CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SELF ARE RELEVANT, ARRANGE THESE CHARACTERISTICS IN HIERARCHIAL ORDER OF IMPORTANCE,

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THEORIES OF SELF

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THE MIRROR TECHNIQUE IS USED TO TEST INFANT'S:

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VISUAL SELF-RECOGNITION

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IN EARLY CHILDHOOD, CHILDREN USUALLY CONCEIVE OF THE SELF IN:

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PHYSCIAL TERMS

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CONCERNING SELF-UNDERSTANDING, EARLY CHILDHOOD IS TO MIDDLE CHILDHOOD AS:

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PHYSICAL IS TO PSYCHOLOGICAL

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REGARDING SELF-UNDERSTANDING IN ADOLESCENCE, THE TERM BAROMOETRIC SELF REFERS TO:

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THE FLUCTUATING SELF

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WHICH IS NOT A TYPE OF "POSSIBLE SELF"

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WHAT YOU USED TO BE

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ADOLESCENTS BELIEVE THAT THEY WILL ENDANGER THEIR POPULARITY IF THEY ACKNOWLEDGE ENGAGING IN:

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SOCIAL COMPARISON

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT A PERSPECTIVE-TAKING STAGE?

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CONTRADICTORY PERSPECTIVE TAKING

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE OF THE FOUR WAYS THAT CHILDREN'S SELF ESTEEM CAN BE IMPROVED?

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ACHIEVEMENT REDUCTION

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THE EMPHASIS ON THE IMPORTANCE IN IMPROVING SELF-ESTEEM HAS MUCH IN COMMON WITH THE CONCEPT OF :

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SELF-EFFICACY

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ERIK ERIKSON ARGUED THAT THE CENTRAL ISSUE IN ADOLESCENCE IS :

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IDENTITY

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WHAT ARE TWO CORE INGREDIENTS IN ERIKSON'S THEORY OF IDENITY DEVELOPMENT?

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PERSONALITY AND ROLE EXPERIMENTATION

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A PART OF IDENITY DEVELOPMENT IN WHICH ADOLESCENTS SHOW A PERSONAL INVESTMENT IN WHAT THEY ARE GOING TO DO IS CALLED:

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COMMITMENT

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IN WHICH OF MARCIA'S IDENTITY STATUSES HAS A COMMITMENT BEEN MADE ?

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FORECLOSURE AND ACHIEVEMENT

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IF YOU WANT TO FOSTER IDENITY ACHIEVEMENT IN YOUR CHILDREN, WHAT PARENTING STYLE WOULD YOU ADOPT?

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DEMOCRATIC

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WHICH BEST DEFINES GENDER?

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SOCIOLOGICAL PRESCRIPTIONS FOR MALES AND FEMALES

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A SET OF EXPECTATIONS THAT PERSCRIBES HOW FEMALES AND MALES SHOULD THINK, ACT, AND FEEL IS REFERRED TO AS:

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GENDER ROLE

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WHAT IS THE MAIN CLASS OF FEMALE SEX HORMONES

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ESTROGENS

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WHAT IS THE MAIN CLASS OF MALE SEX HORMONES

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ANDROGEN

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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT EMPHASIZED IN THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY OF GENDER?

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SEXUAL ATTRACTION TO THE OPPOSITE-SEX PARENT OCCURS AROUND AGE FIVE

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WHAT IS A CRITICISM OF THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY OF GENDER?

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GENDER DEVELOPMENT IS NOT AS PASSIVELY ACQUIRED AS IT INDICATES

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PEER DEMANDS FOR CONFORMITY TO GENDER ROLE BECOME ESPECIALLY INTENSE DURING:

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ADOLESCENCE

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WHAT THEORY OF GENDER ARGUES THAT CHILDREN'S GENDER TYPING OCCURS AFTER THEY HAVE DEVELOPED A CONCEPT OF GENDER>

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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY

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WHAT THEORY STATES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL'S ATTENTION AND BEHAVIOR ARE GUIDED BY AN INTERNAL MOTIVATION TO CONFORM TO GENDER-BASED SOCIOCULTURAL STANDARDS AND STEREOTYPES?

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GENDER SCHEMA THEORY

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HOW DOES GENDER SCHEMA THEORY DIFFER FROM TRADITIONAL COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHED TO GENDER TYPING?

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GENDER SCHEMA THEORY EMPHASIZES AWARENESS AND CLASSIFICATION OF NEW DATA ON THE BASIS OF CULTURALLY DEFINED GENDER ROLES

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WHICH REPRESENTS A GENDER STEREOTYPE?

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MALES ARE MORE ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED THAN FEMALES

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SOME EXPERTS IN THE GENDER AREA BELIEVE THAT COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE ARE":

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OVEREXAGGERATED AND NEGLIGIBLE

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TALK IS THE LANGUAGE OF CONVERSATION AND A WAY OF ESTAB. CONNECTIONS AND NEGOTIATING RELATIONSHIPS.

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RAPPORT

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A PERSON WHO EXHIBITS DESIRABLE MASCULINE AND FEMININE CHARACTERISTICS IS DESCRIBED AS:

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ANDROYNOUS

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IN ADDITION TO EARLY CHILDHOOD, ANOTHER TIME OF TRANSITION RELATED TO GENDER DEVELOPMENT IS DURING:

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EARLY ADOLESCENCE

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WHICH SEVEN -YEAR OLD'S ACTIONS WOULD ELICIT THE STRONGEST NEGATIVE REACTION FROM HIS OR HER FATHER?

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A MALE WHO IS PLAYING HOUSE AND PRETENDING TO BE THE MOTHER

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BEAL(1994) FOUND THAT IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, GENDER ROLES FOR:

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FEMALE CHILDREN HAVE BECOME MORE FLEXIBLE

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HOW HAVE GENDER ROLES CHANGED IN RECENT YEARS

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GENDER ROLES HAVE BECOME MORE FLEXIBLE, BUT HAS OCCURED MORE FOR GIRLS THAN FOR BOYS

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THE RULES PEOPLE USE TO INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER CONSTITUE THIER:

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MORALS

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IN THE STUDY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTALISTS EXAMINE THREE DOMAINS. WHICH IS NOT A DOMAIN

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CONTRASTING

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A CHILD IS PRESENTED WITH A STORY IN WHICH SOMEONE HAS A CONFLICT ABOUT WHETHER OR NOT TO LIE. WHAT DOMAIN OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT IS THE REASEARCHER EXAMINING?

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REASONING

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PIAGET BELIEVED THAT CHILDREN THINK IN TWO DISTINCT WAYS ABOUT MORTALITY

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HETERONOMOUS AND AUTONOMOUS

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WHEN CONSIDERING THE GOODNESS OF AN ACT, WHAT DOES AN AUTONOMOUS THINKER FOCUS ON?

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INTENTIONS OF THE INDIVIDUAL INVOLVED

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AT WHAT PEAGETIAN STAGE OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT DOES A CHILD BELIEVE IN IMMANENT JUSTICE?

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HETERONOMOUS MORALITY

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WHAT IS THE FIRST STAGE IN KOHLBER'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT?

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PRECONVENTIONAL REASONING

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AT WHAT STAGE OF KOHLBERG'S MORAL DEVELOPMENT IS MORALITY COMPLETLEY INTERNALIZED?

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UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

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RESEARCHERS HAVE FOUND THAT THE MOST EFFECTIVE WAY TO RAISE A CHILD'S LEVEL OF MORAL REASONING IS TO

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PRESENT EXAMPLES OF MARLA REASONING THAT ARE SLIGHTLY ABOVE THE CHILD'S CURRENT LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING

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WHEN IT COMES TO MORAL DEVELOPMENT, PEER INTERACTION IS VERY IMPORTANT B/C:

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IT CHALLENGES CHILDREN TO CHANGE THEIR MORAL ORIENTATION, ALLOWS FOR A GIVE AND TAKE WHENT TAKING THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANOTHER PERSON AND GENERATES RULES REGARDING THE REASONING PROCESS

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BELIEVES THAT MORAL DEVELOPMENT BUILDS UPONG FOUR BASIC PROCESSES: MORAL, SENSITIVITY, MORAL JUDGMENT, MORAL MOTIVATION, AND MORAL CHARACTER

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JAMES REST

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CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCHERS HAVE CONCLUDED THAT KOHLBERG'S PRINCIPLES OR MORAL REASONING ARE:

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CULTURE-SPECIFIC

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IS THE MORAL PERSPECTIVE THAT FOCUSES ON THE RIGHTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL

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JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE

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ACCORDING TO PSYCHONANALYTIC THEORY, CHILDREN INTERNALIZE PARENTAL MORAL STANDARDS TO:

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REDUCE ANXIETY AND MAINTAIN PARENTAL AFFECTION.

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WHAT DO THE MAJORITY OF CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS VIEW AS THE BASIS FOR MORAL BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN?

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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FELLINGS

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IS CONVEYED BY THE MORAL ATMOSPHERE THAT IS A PART OF EVERY SCHOOL.

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HIDDEN CURRICULUM

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MEANS HELPING PEOPLE TO CLARIFY WHAT THEIR LIVES ARE FOR AND WHAT IS WORTH WORKING FOR

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VALUES CLARIFICATION

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ALTRUSIM IS DEFINED AS HELPING SOMEONE:

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WITHOUT EXPECTING ANYTHING IN RETURN

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TODAY, PARENT-CHILD INTERACTIONS ARE VIEWED AS:

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RECIPROCAL

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PARENTAL BEHAVIOR THAT SERVES TO SUPPORT CHILDREN'S EFFORTS, ALLOWING THEM TO BE MORE SKILLFUL THAN THEY WOULD BE IF THEY RELIED ON THEIR OWN ABILITIES, IS CALLED:

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SCAFFOLDING

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THE MOTHER-FATHER-CHILD GROUPING REPRESENTS A :

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POLYADIC SUBSYSTEM

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INFANTS WHO HAVE MORE-EXTENSIVE SCAFFOLDING EXPERIENCES WITH THEIR PARENTS ARE MORE LIKELY TO :

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TAKE TURNS AS THEY INTERACT WITH THEIR PEERS

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WHAT ARE THE TWO DEVELOPMENTAL CONSTRUCTON VIEWS?

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CONTINUITY AND DISCONTINUITY

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HOW IS THE CONTINUITY VIEW DIFFERENT FROM THE DISCONTINUITY VIEW?

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THE CONTINUITY VIEW EMPHASIZES THE CRITICAL NATURE OF INFANCY.

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THE TRANSITION PERIOD WHEN PARENTAL CONTROL IS REPLACED BY SELF-REGULATED CONTROL IS REFERRED TO AS:

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COREGUALTION

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FAMILY CHANGES MAY BE DUE TO GREAT UPHEAVALS IN OUR NATION SUCH AS THE IN THE 1930s

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WAR, MASS IMMIGRATION, FAMINE

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WHICH STATEMENT IS A MYTH ABOUT PARENTING?

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THE BIRTH OF A CHILD WILL SAVE A FAILING MARRIAGE, PARENTS WILL ALWAYS HAVE SOMEONE WHO LOVES THEM AND IS THEIR BEST FRIEND, CHILDREN WILL TAKE CARE OF THE PARENTS IN OLD AGE

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FROM INFANCY THROUGH ADOLESCENCE, ARE MORE LIKELY THAN TO HAVE A MANAGERIAL ROLE IN PARENTING.

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MOTHERS FATHERS

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WHO PROPOSED THREE TYPES OF PARENTING THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE CHILD'S SOCIAL BEHAVIOR>

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DIANA BAUMRIND

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WHAT PARENTING STYLE IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILDREN'S SOCIAL COMPETENCE?

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NEGLECTFUL

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WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF A TERM ASSOCIATED WITH CHILD MALTREATMENT?

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NUTRITIONAL NEGLECT

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WHICH STATEMENT IS NOT TRUE ABOUT SIBLING BIRTH ORDER?

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WHEN THE OLDEST SIBILING IS JEALOUS OR HOSTILE, PARENTS OFTEN SIDE WITH THE OLDEST SIBLING AGAINST THE YOUNGER ONE.

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TEENAGE AUTONOMY IS:

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OFTEN REACTED TO WITH ANGER BY PARENTS

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OVERALL, RESEARCHERS HAVE FOUND OF MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT ON CHILDREN.

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NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS

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EVERY DAY NINE YEAR NOLAN WALKS HOME FROM SCHOOL AND SPENDS TWO HOURS ALONE BEFORE HIS MOTHER GETS HOME FROM WORK. NOLAN IS BEST CLASSIFIED AS A CHILD

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LATCHKEY

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SINCE THE 1970'S THE FATHERS' ROLE IN PARENTING HAS BECOME THAT OF PROVIDING .

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NURTURANT CAREGIVING

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PEERS ARE CHILDREN OF ABOUT THE SAME:

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AGE OF MATURITY LEVEL

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PEER INFLUENCES:

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CAN BE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

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PEER RELATIONS BEGIN TO TAKE ON AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN:

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EARLY CHILDHOOD

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DEVELOPMENTALISTS HAVE DISTINGUISHED THREE TYPES OF CHILDREN OTHER THAN POPULAR CHILDREN: NEGLECTED, REJECTED, AND:

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CONTROVERSIAL

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WHICH STATEMENT IS A SUGGESTION ON HOW TO REDUCE BULLYING? TEACHERS CAN:

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GET OLDER PEERS TO SERVE AS MONITORS, TELL OLDER PEERS NOT TO INTERVENE IN ANY BULLYING

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ACCORDING TO FREUD AND ERIKSON, PLAY:

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IS AN ESPECIALLY USEFUL FORM OF HUMAN ADJUSTMENT

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BELIEVES THAT PLAY IS AN EXCELLENT SETTING FOR COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT. HE WAS ESPECIALLY INTERESTED IN THE SYMBOLIC AND MAKE BELIEVE ASPECTS OF PLAY

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VYGOTSKY

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WHO DEBELOPED PLAY CATEGORIES FORM OBSERVATIONS OF CHILDREN IN FREE PLAY?

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MILDRED PARTEN

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CONCERNING FUNCTIONS OF FRIENSHIP, WHICH DOES NOT BELONG?

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SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

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THE MOST CONSISTENT FINDING IN THE LAST TWO DECADES OF RESEARCH ON FRIENDSHIPS IS THAT ONE IMPORTANT FEATURE OF FRIENDSHIP IS :

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INTIMACY

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WHAT IS THE LARGEST AND LEAST PERSONAL OF ADOLESCENT FROUPS

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CROWD

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AN EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE CONFORMITY BEHAVIOR IS

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BAD LANGUAGE STEALING MAKING FUN OF TEACHERS AND PARENTS

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IN WHAT WAY DO ADOLESCENT GROUPS DIFFER FROM CHILD GROUPS

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CHILD GROUPS ARE USUALLY NEIGHBORHOOD FRIENDS, CHILD GROUPS ARE NOT FORMALIZED

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COGNITIVE MODELS THAT ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS USE TO GUIDE AND EVALUATE DATING INTERACTIONS ARE CALLED

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DATING SCRIPTS

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CONCERNING DATING SCRIPTS, MALE IS TO FEMALE AS:

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PROACTIVE IS TO REACTIVE

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VALUES AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS OF PEOPLE IN VARIOUS CULTURES:

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DICTATE THE AGE AT WHICH DATING BEGINS, DICTATE ROLES FOR BOTH MALES AND FEMALES

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LATINO AND ASIAN AMERICAN CULTURES HAVE MORE STANDARDS REGARDING ADOLESCENT DATINg THAN DOES THE ANGLO-AMERICAN CULTURE

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CONSERVATIVE

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DATING MAY BE A SOURCE OF CULTURAL CONFLICT FOR MANY IMMIGRANTS AND THEIR FAMILIES WHO HAVE COME FOR CULTURES IN WHICH DATING HAS CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS. WHICH STATEMENT DOE NOT SUPPORT A STSRICT ARRANGEMENT?

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DATES ARE UNCHAPERONED

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The Reggio Emilia approach stesses:

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INVESTIGATING TOPICS AS A GROUP

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THE IS/ARE TEACHER CENTERED APPROACH THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY TEACHER DIRECTION AND CONTROL, MASTERY OF ACADEMIC SKILLS, HIGH EXPECTATIONS FOR STUDENTS; PROGRESS, AND MAXIMUM TIME SPENT ON LEARNING TASKS.

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DIRECT INSTRUCTION APPROACH

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THE EMPHASIZES THE CHILD'S ACTIVE, COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING. THEORY IS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS APPROACH.

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COGNITIVE CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH; PIAGET'S

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LEARNER CENTERED PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES:

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MOVE INSTRUCTION AWAY FROM THE TEACHER, MOVE INSTRUCTION TOWARD THE STUDENT, ARE SEEN IN THE CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH

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SOME EXPERTS ON EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION BELIEVE THAT:

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THE CURRICULUM OF TOO MANY OF TODAY'S KINDERGARTEN AND PRESCHOOL PROGRAMS PLACE TOO MUCH EMPHASIS ON ACHIEVEMENT AND SUCCESS

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WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING DOES NOT DESCRIBE AN EXCELLENT KINDERGARTEN PROGRAM?

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HIGH ACADEMIC STANDARDS

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A PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE GIVEN CONSIDERABLE FREEDOM AND SPONTANEITY IN CHOOSING ACTIVITIES AND ARE ALLOWED TO MOVE FROM ONE ACTIVITY TO ANOTHER AS THEY DESIRE IS CALLED THE:

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MONTESSORI APPROACH

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WHAT TYPE OF SCHOOLING IS BASED ON AGE APPROPRIATENESS ANDINDIVIDUAL APPROPRIATENESS?

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DEVELOPMENTALLY APPROPRIATE PRACTICE

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THE FEDERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM BEGUN IN 1965 FOR CHILDREN FROM LOW INCOME FAMILIES IS CALLED

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PROJECT HEAD START

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AS COMPARED TO YOUNGER CHILDREN IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, OLDER CHILDREN RATE THEMSELVES AS:

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LESS SMART, LESS GOOD, LESS HARDWORKING

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WHAT IS THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE OF OUTSTANDING MIDDLE SCHOOL?

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WILLINGNESS TO ADAPT SCHOOL PRACTICES TO INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

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WHAT ETHNIC MINORITY GROUP HAS THE HIGHEST HIGH SCHOOL DROPOUT RATE?

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LATINOS

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SCHOOLS IN LOW-INCOME AREAS ARE MORE LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE , WHEREAS SCHOOLS IN HIGHER-INCOME AREAS ARE MORE LIKELY TO WORK WITH CHILDREN TO IMPROVE .

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ROTE LEARNING, THINKING SKILLS

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AN EXAMPLE OF IN THE CLASSROOM WOULD BE WHEN A TEACHER DISPLAYS IMAGES OF CHILDREN DIVERSE ETHNIC AND CULTURAL GROUPS, SELECTING PLAY MATERIALS AND CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES THAT ENCOURAGE CULTURAL UNDERSTANDINGS, HELPING STUDENTS RESIST STEREOTYPING, AND WORKING WITH PARENTS.

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REDUCING BIAS

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CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES HAVE:

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DIFFICULTY IN SPECIFIC ACADEMIC AREAS

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IS A DISABILITY IN WHICH CHILDREN CONSISTENTLY SHOW ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS OVER A PERIOD OF TIME: 1)INATTENTION 2)HYPERACTIVITY, AND 3) IMPULSIVITY.

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ADHD/ ATTENTION DEFICT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

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THE EDUCATION FOR ALL HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ACT, REQUIRED THAT ALL STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES BE GIVEN A FREE, APPROPRIATE PUBLIC EDUC AND BE PROVIDED THE FUNDING TO HELP IMPLEMENT THIS EDUCATION

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PUBLIC LAW 94-142

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IEP IS THE ACRONYM FOR

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INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATIONAL PLAN