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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formalin
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-Chemical Assay
early phase-lots of licking (0-10min) quiescent phase-no licking (10-20min) late phase-returns to licking (20-60min) -not very clinically relevant -get pain behaviour |
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Formalin Test Scoring
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Behavioral scores-biphasic response
Amount of Flinching(rats not mice) or Licking-biphasic response |
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Biphasic Response
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high activity then it goes down and comes back up
Nociceptive responses have biphasic nature |
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Tonic/Chronic Inflammatory Assay
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No pain behavior (no licking like in formalin) therefore measure
1)hyperalgesia- hargreaves 2)mechanical allodynia- von frey 3)cold allodynia- acetone |
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Chronic Neuropathic Assay
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Snip/crush nerve=complete nerve injury
CCI= partial nerve injury No pain behavior |
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Chronic constrictor injury
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neuropathic assay
place ligatures around sciatic nerve causes irritation of nerve=partial nerve injury |
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sciatic nerve
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controls hindpaw in animals
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Deafferentation
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prevent all peripheral inputs from entering spinal cord in that segment
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Denervation
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disconnects spinal cord from innervated tissue
but doesn't prevent impulses getting in from ectopic site cell bodies still intact |
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Axotomy
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complete denervation
leads to autotomy (chew off toe)-bloody |
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Partial Denervation
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done more to animals since most neuropathic pain/injuries are partial denervation
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New Algesiometric Assays
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labor intensive
to better represent pain states in humans |
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Big Three Criticisms of the Status Quo
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1.Reflexive vs. conditioned measures
2.Pain-affected measures (e.g., sleep, anxiety, attention) 3.Symptom epidemiology vs. dependent measure use |
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Conditioning Methods to study pain
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1)operant
2)classical(pavlovian) animal is making decision not a reflex |
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operant conditioning
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do something punished do it less
do something rewarded do it more |
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classical conditioning
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place you like go there more
place you dont like go there less |
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Motivational Conflict Between Pain and Drinking
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we are implying animal has pain due to actions but may not be the case ex)drug given may affect thirst
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carrageenan
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causes inflammation
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Pain-affected measures
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pain comes with Comorbidity so for ex)measure sleep and see if sleep disrupted
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Symptom epidemiology vs. dependent measure use
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prevalence for chronic pain from highest to lowest is spont pain>mech hypersensitivity>thermal hypersensitivity
Dependent measures in experiments is thermal>mechanical>spont pain |
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Mouse Grimace Scale
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Measures facial expressions for spont pain
look for cheek bulge,nose bulge,whiskers change,ear position,orbital tightening |
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Problem with grimace scale
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chronic pain patients dont grimace
occurs in some pain states not others works for certain duration's (minutes-days works well) |
