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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
research process |
* coming up with ideas, refining them, testing them, and interpreting the results obtained
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hypothesis |
* explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur
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theory |
* simplicity
* comprehensiveness * ability to generate new hypotheses |
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self-perception theory |
* when people’s internal states, such as a feeling or attitude, are difficult to interpret, they infer this feeling or attitude by observing their own behavior and the situation in which it takes place
* Daryl Bem |
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basic research |
* seeks to increase our understanding of human behavior and is designed to test a specific hypothesis from a specific theory
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applied research |
* make use of social psychology’s theories or methods to enlarge our understanding of naturally occurring events and to contribute to the solution of social problems
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conceptual variables |
* ex: attraction, love, violence
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operational definition |
* have to transform conceptual variables into operational variables
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construct validity |
* extent to which 1) the manipulations in an experiment really manipulate the conceptual variables they were designed to manipulate and 2) the measures used in a study really measure the conceptual variables they were designed to measure
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self-reports |
* can consist of individual questions or sets of questions
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Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale |
* consists of a set of questions that measures individuals’ overall self-esteem
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bogus pipeline |
* indicates that participants who are led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie-detector report true facts about themselves more frequently
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interrate reliability |
* level of agreement among multiple observers of the same behavior
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archival studies |
* involves examining existing records of past events and behaviors
* advantage: researchers can be sure that they did not influence the behavior by their presence * valuable for examining cultural and historical trends |
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surveys |
* can be conducted in person, over the phone, by mail, or via the Internet
* many social psychological questions can be addressed only with surveys because they involve variables that are impossible or unethical to observe directly or manipulate * can be affected strongly by subtle aspects of the wording and context of questions * important issue is how to select people to take survey * must first identify the population in which they are interested * from general population -> sample that is representative * best way to achieve representativeness is to use random sampling (method of selection in which everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample * use randomizing procedures |
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correlation coefficient |
* statistic that measures the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables
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concurrent |
* correlations obtained at a single point in time across a number of individuals
* ex: physically attractive people make more money than less attractive people |
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prospective |
* correlations obtained at different times from the same individuals
* ex: whether certain behaviors at a particular age are associated with other behaviors at a later age |
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experiment |
* researcher has control over the experimental procedures
* participants are randomly assigned (means participants are not assigned to a condition on the basis of their personal or behavioral characteristics) |
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subject variables |
* ex: gender, ethnicity
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internal validity |
* results of a properly conducted experiment, reasonable certainty that the independent variable did cause the effects obtained on the dependent variable
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external validity |
* extent to which the results obtained under one set of circumstances would also occur in a different set of circumstances
* when an experiment has external validity, its findings can be assumed to generalize to other people and to other situations * external validity is affected by sample population and setting in which the research is conducted |
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meta-analysis |
* use a set of statistical procedures to examine, in a new way, relevant research that has already been conducted and reported
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