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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Researchers found that, after a traumatic experience, people who refused to think about it were at greater risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder. This is an example of which goal of science:
a. control b. description c. explanation d. prediction |
b. description
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2. Researchers with differing theoretical beliefs (or differing views on psychology) are likely to differ regarding their ________of research findings.
a. explanation b.testbility c. falsifiability d. description |
a. explanation
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3. When colleges uses S.A.T. scores and high school grades to decide whether to admit someone, which goal of science is this fact related to?
a. control b. description c. explanation d. prediction |
d. prediction
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4. A scientist who decides to repeat an experiment to see if the results are the same, is demonstrating which characteristic of science?
a.objectivity b.systematic empiricism c. public verification d. peer review |
c. public verification
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5. When you came across an interesting research idea or results accidentally when working on something else, this is an example of:
a. construct validity b. serendipity c. conceptual replication d. parsimony |
b. serendipity
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6. Reports of scientific “breakthroughs” in the popular media
a. often involve a small or a preliminary study by an investigator; much more work needs to be done b. are actually not sudden breakthroughs, but instead are the outcomes of a long series of researches that the researchers are confident of c. are not really breakthroughs, but are new findings that get hyped by universities, sponsoring agencies, and media reporters. d. all of the above are possible |
d. all of the above are possible
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7. Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge (knowledge for the sake of knowledge) is called:
a. operational research b. applied research c. basic research d. empirical research |
c. basic research
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10. Hypotheses must be stated in such a way that they can be:
a. induced b. proven c. post hoc d. falsifiable e. definable |
d. falsifiable
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11. An explanation that is developed after obtaining a particular result is called
a. inductive b. deductive c. post hoc d. a priori e. operational |
c. post hoc
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12. In an experiment, the variable that is measured is the ________ variable.
a. independent b. subject c. empirical d. dependent e. operational |
d. dependent
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When researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they can not
control, they use _______________ designs. a. experimental b. pseudoscientific c. quasi-experimental d. descriptive e. operational |
c. quasi- experimental
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12. Say I collect some data on a subject. A participant’s observed score consists of two components:
a. reliability and validity b. transient and stable variables c. measurement error and true score |
c. measurement error and true score
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14. (On the topic of reliability): Which of the following does not belong with the others?
a. interitem reliability b. split-half reliability c. item-total correlation d. test-retest reliability |
d. test-retest reliability
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Construct validity
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defines a psychological idea, term or theory. What sort of evidence confirms the construct?
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Concurrent validity
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does a test measure something right now (e.g. DSM diagnosis)
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Predictive validity
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\does the test predict some-thing in the future (MCAT, LSAT, GRE predict grad school success?)
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18. The formula for the correlation coefficient, as we know it today, was devised by
a. Gibson b. Scarr c. Pearson d. Galton |
c. Pearson
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19. A researcher obtained a correlation of +.45 between Variable A and Variable B. What is the best interpretation of this correlation?
a. A causes B, but only to a certain degree b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase c. 45% of the scores on A can be predicted from scores on B d. as scores on A decrease, scores on B tend to increase |
b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase
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20. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables?
a. +.45 b. -.55 c. .00 d. +.50 e. -.13 |
b. -.55
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21. On a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of .00 appears as a
a. line that slopes upward to the right b. line that slopes downward to the right c. no line; just a random array of points d. a vertical line, perpendicular to the X axis e. what is perpendicular? |
c. no line; just a random array of points
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22. Which of the following can artificially reduce the size of a correlation coefficient?
a. a large number of participants b. high reliability of the measures c. restricted range of scores d. all of the above can reduce a correlation |
c. restricted range of scores
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23. Which of the following would likely be examples of “restricted range” of the variable? (Note: there are two correct answers)
a. I.Q. scores collected from the Harvard first year class b. G.P.A.s of UNCC academic honor society students c. the I.Q. of a random sample of people from a state d. the distribution of G.P.A.s of the UNCC first year students |
a. IQ scores collected from the Harvard first year class
b. GPAs of UNCC academic honor society students |
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24. There are several characteristics for determining whether one variable causes another. Most correlational research satisfies only one of the following criteria for determining causality?
a. directionality b. covariation c. determination d. elimination of extraneous variables |
b. covariation
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1. A researcher designed an experiment to determine whether working under time pressure
causes people to make more errors on moderately difficult math problems. In this study, the independent variable is a. errors b. the difficulty of the math problems c. performance on math problems d. the time participants were given to complete the problems e. none of the above |
d. the time participants were given to complete the problems
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2. In an experiment, the independent variable is
a. measured b. eliminated c. held constant d. manipulated e. confounded |
d. manipulated
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3. When simple random assignment is used
a. each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition b. participants are assigned to conditions on the basis of their personal characteristics c. the researcher can be certain that the groups do not differ d. the same participant serves in more than one condition of the design e. participants select the condition in which they will participate |
a. each participant has an equal probability of being placed in any experimental condition
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4. Which describe a “within-subjects” design for an experiment?
a. each participant serves in all experimental conditions b. participants are randomly assigned to conditions c. the dependent variable is measured only once d. changes within individual participants are studied e. participants are matched according to a personal characteristic |
a. each participant serves in all experimental conditions
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5. Differential attrition threatens internal validity because
a. the independent variable is biased b. reliability of the measures is lowered c. participants differ between the experimental groups d. pretest sensitization is more likely e. demand characteristics are present |
c. participants differ between experimental groups
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6. Which of the following contribute to error variance?
a. treating individual participants differently b. differences in participants' personal characteristics c. participants' current moods d. measurement error e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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7. In experimental research, researchers generally regard ________ as more important than ________.
a. independent variables; dependent variables b. error variance; confounding variance c. regression; correlation d. internal validity; external validity e. systemization; randomization |
d. internal validity; external validity
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8. An experimenter blind study controls for______; a subject blind study controls for_____. (Two answers).
a) internal validity b) experimenter effects c) external validity d) demand characteristics e) external validity f) confounding |
b. experimenter effects; d. demand characteristics
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9. If a research study permits you to accurately state that the IV is the cause of the changes in the DV, then you have a study that has high:
a) reliability b) external validity c) internal validity d) construct validity e) possibility of Type II error |
c. internal validity
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10. If you wanted to control for the expectancies that the experimenter might have regarding the outcome of the experiment, you should:
a. use a double blind design b. standardize and automate your procedures c. minimize experimenter contact with the subjects d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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11. If people know they are being observed and studied, we might get unwanted side effects known as:
a) demand characteristics b) placebo effects c) reactance d) Hawthorne effect e) all of the above |
e. all of the above
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12. Inferential statistics such as t-tests are used to test
a. the likelihood of a Type II error b. pretests c. directional, but not nondirectional hypotheses d. differences between condition means |
d. differences between condition means
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13. A Type I error occurs when a researcher
a. accepts the null hypothesis b. rejects the null hypothesis and concludes the conditions are different when in fact the conditions are not c. fails to reject the null hypothesis and accepts that the conditions are not different (or, accepts the null hypothesis that the conditions are not different) d. rejects the experimental hypothesis and concludes that the conditions are not different |
b. rejects the null hypothesis and concludes the conditions are different when in fact the conditions are not
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14. If the means of the experimental and control groups are different, how could your statistical test miss that?
a. the difference is vary small b. the number of subjects is small c. the error variance is large d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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15. The purpose of a debriefing is to
a. clarify the nature of the study b. remove undesirable effects of participation c. convey appreciation to the participants d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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18. Variance
a. reflects the degree to which participants' scores differ from the mean of the scores b. is a measure of skewness c. is inferior to the range as a measure of variability d. is the sum of participants' scores divided by the number of scores e. all of the above |
a. reflects the degree to which participants' scores differ from the mean of scores
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19. Of the following ethical principles, which can never be excepted?
a) not obtaining informed consent b) deceiving or misleading the subject c) inducing psychological discomfort or distress d) not debriefing the subjects afterwards e) none of the above; the ethical guidelines ban all of them f) actually, all may be allowed depending on the circumstances |
f. actually, all may be allowed depending on the circumstances
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20. The Merikle and Skanes experiment is so nice because:
a. they used a double blind procedure b. subjects were assigned randomly to the groups c. there was a placebo group d. they used an objective measure of the DV e. the study conditions have ecological validity f. all of the above |
f. all of the above
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1. The primary difference between quasi-experiments and true experiments is that quasi experiments
a. require fewer participants b. do not involve random assignment c. have no dependent variable d. involve a single participant e. are conducted outside of a laboratory |
b. do not involve random assignment
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2. Compared to true experiments, quasi-experiments tend to
a. have lower internal validity b. involve more participants c. use simpler designs d. be used more for research on animals e. have lower external validity |
a. have lower internal validity
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3. Which of the following threats to internal validity is present in a one-group pretest-posttest
design? a. maturation b. history c. testing effect d. subject loss e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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5. Ex post facto research methods:
a) are studies conducted after the fact; they are retrospective b) are field studies that use experimental methods d) use random samples of subjects rather than random assignment e) all of the above |
a. are studies conducted after the fact; they are retrospective
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6. Evans conducted important research on the effects of airport flight path noise on student performance. Did students in schools under the flight path have poorer reading ability, memory, attention, etc. To answer this question Evans used what method?
a) he surveyed teachers and school officials at the different schools to obtain student data b) he used a quasi-experimental design to compare schools exposed to noise or not c) he did a case study in Munich of the opening of a new airport and the closing of an old one d) he observed children in the schools |
b. he used quasi-experimental design to compare schools exposed to noise or not
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7. External validity refers to:
a) generalization and extension of our valid research findings b) Do our results hold up outside of the setting in which they were obtained? c) Generalizing from the particular methods and procedures of our study to general principles d) all of the above |
d. all of the above
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9. Regression to the mean is most likely to occur
a. when the sample size is small b. in research that studies children c. in posttest-only designs d. when participants are assigned randomly to experimental groups e. when participants are selected because they have extremely high pretest scores or extremely low scores |
e. when participants are selected because they have extremely high pretest scores or extremely low scores
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10. A simple (interrupted) time series design involves
a. several pretest measures of the dependent variable b. several manipulations of the independent variable c. several posttest measures of the dependent variable d. both a and c |
d. both a and c
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11. Researchers “patch-up” quasi-experimental designs by
a. adding comparison groups b. measuring hypothesized mediators c. examining the effects of additional quasi-independent variables d. measuring additional dependent variables e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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14. A sample from which a researcher can draw accurate inferences about the population is a
a. systematic sample b. sampling frame c. quota sample d. representative sample e. stratum |
d. representative sample
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15. In survey research, sampling error:
a. reflects researchers' mistakes in collecting data b. is greater with large than small samples c. reflects differences between the sample and population d. should be as large as possible e. is eliminated by using probability samples |
c. reflects differences between the sample and population
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16. To insure that she obtained a sufficiently large number of minority respondents in a study
of racial attitudes, a researcher divided the people in her population into four racial groups. She then drew a random sample from each of these groups. What kind of sample is this? a. cluster sample b. simple random sample c. quota sample d. systematic sample e. stratified random sample |
e. stratified random sample
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17. Why is nonresponse a problem in descriptive research?
a. it indicates antagonism toward behavioral research b. it increases the margin of error c. it destroys the advantages of probability sampling d. it makes the sample less economical e. nonresponse rarely creates problems in descriptive research |
c. it destroys the advantages of probability sampling
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18. The Literary Digest election survey of 1936 led to an incorrect prediction because
a. the sample size was too small b. the sample was nonrepresentative of U.S. voters c. the error of estimation was too high d. a stratified random sample was used e. the survey questionnaire was not valid |
b. the sample was nonrepresentative of US voters
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21. The results of most case studies are presented
a. as a narrative description b. in terms of differences among means c. as a multiple baseline experiment d. through graphic analysis e. by the nomothetic method |
a. as a narrative description
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22. A factorial design
a. has more than one dependent variable b. allows the researcher to test only for main effects c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables d. is a type of one-way design e. is not a true experimental design |
c. involves the manipulation of two or more variables
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23. A 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design has ____ (how many?) condition or groups?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 7 d. 12 |
d. 12
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24. In a 3 x 4 factorial design, how many main effect(s) can be examined?
a. one b. two c. seven d. twelve e. this cannot be determined from the information given |
b. two
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25. An interaction is present when
a. participants in one condition differ from participants in all other conditions b. the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable c. there are as many main effects as independent variables d. the effects of two main effects combine e. one independent variable affects another independent variable |
b. the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent
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26. What statistical analysis is used to analyze data from experimental designs that involve more
than two conditions? a. t-test b. correlation c. chi-square test e. analysis of variance |
e. analysis of variance
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27. In the analysis of a factorial design with two independent variables, the total variance is
partitioned into ________components. a. two b. three c. four d. eight e. it depends on the number of dependent variables |
c. four
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