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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is estrogen known as a mediator of fear processing |
During an experiment accuracy for fearful faces was highest during the highest estrogen phase, and lowest during the lowest estrogen phase
- estrogen was not measured directly in experiment |
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________ administration in post-menopausal women has been shown to reduce, increase, or have no significant effect of negative mood |
estrogen |
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Male reproduction: _____________ binds to cells in the testes - Induces secretion of testosterone - Required for normal spermatogenesis - High levels inhibit GnRh |
LH |
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____________ stimulates release of androgen-binding protein |
FSH |
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Post puberty levels of testosterone remain fairly _________ |
constant
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LH vs FSH Induces secretion of testosterone |
LH |
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LH vs FSH High levels inhibit (stop) GnRH |
LH |
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LH vs FSH Promotes testosterone binding |
FSH
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LH vs FSH Required for normal spermatogenesis |
LH |
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Activation of ______ during puberty affects acquisition of secondary sex characteristics (features not directly related to production). |
HPG |
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What secondary characteristics are affected in men, women and both through the activation of HPG during puberty? |
Women: - Lower half of pelvis and hips widen - fat tissue increases Men: - increase in number of muscle cells Both sexes: - Growth of pubic and axillary hair (androgens) - Cessation of growth of long bones (estrogens) |
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What secondary characteristic do androgens produce in both sexes? |
Growth of pubic and axillary hair |
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What secondary characteristics do estrogens produce in both sexes? |
Cessation (stopping) of growth of long bones |
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Exposure to hormones can alter the trajectory of brain development, how? |
- determine how neutrons connect - where neutrons migrate to - how many neurons survive |
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The part of the brain that mediates sexual behaviour is sometimes referred to as the ___________ |
sexual brain |
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Does the sexual brain differ between heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals? |
Some studies say yes
- some areas in the SDN are larger in heterosexual males than homosexual males and heterosexual women. Some studies say no - No significant difference in the overall number of neutrons in the areas mentioned above |
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The sexual brains scientific name is the ________ |
BNST (bed nucleus of the stria terminals) |
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The BNST is sexually dimorphic. Which brain is larger and which brain contains most neurons. |
- Male BNST = twice the neurons as males - Female BNST = twice as large than males |
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What type of BNST do male-female transsexuals (on estrogen) have? |
female typical volumes (twice size) |
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What type of BNST do female-male transsexuals (on testosterone) have? |
Male typical volume of BNST (half the size) |
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True or False: Hormone disorders seem to affect the volume of the BNST |
FALSE - tHEY DO NOT seem to affect the level and volume of BNST |
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When does the BNST become sexually dimorphic? |
adulthood |
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What happens when the SRY gene on the Y chromosome turns on? |
- indifferent gonads become testes - Leydig cells in testes secrete testosterone - Sertoli cells in testes secrete Mullerian-inhibiting factor (suppression of female internal reproductive system) |
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What does Mullerian-inhibiting factor do? |
- suppresses the female internal reproductive system - Full development of testes and male internal piping |
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In North Eastern Africa female and male babies are born sexually ____________ |
equivalent |
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How are males and females made in North eastern africa |
- Circumcision removes the female parts (foreskin) - removal of the external portion of the clitoris (male part) |
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Homosexuality is correlated with the urbanization of residence during _____________ years |
teenage |
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What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
XX individuals with high levels of androgens resulting in : - facial hair - early pubic hair - infertility - ambiguous genital formation May grow up viewing themselves as male |
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Increases vaginal wall thickness, lubrication, and vasocongestion in menopausal women |
Estradiol |
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What are the benefits associated with tesosterone administration (taking testosterone) |
Improved: - libido - mood - Cognition - Increased muscle mass - Bone density - RBC production |
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What are the risks associated with tesosterone administration |
- cardiovascular-related adverse events (stroke, heart attacks, etc.) - Respiratory issues - Dermatologic issues - Sleep apnea - Prostate cancer? - Etc. |
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Linked to libido (sex drive) in both men and women
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Androgens |
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ncreases genital sexual arousal in both sexes
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Tesosterone |
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What is Hypogonadism? |
Low tesosterone |
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Tesosterone levels fall by 1-2 percent per year after __________ |
40 0.1% of males in their 40s 0.6% of males in their 50s 3.2% of males in their 60s 5.1% of males in their 70s |
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Prescriptions for tesosterone have _____________ in the last decade (U.S. Data) |
tripled - No increase in the incidence of low testosterone - Increase in people asking |
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___________ is linked more closeley with testosterone than ____________ |
cuddling is linked more closely with testosterone than sex |
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Individuals in long term partner relationships have _________ testosterone than those who are single. |
less |
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Polyamorous people have ____________ levels of testosterone than those who are single or dating counterparts |
Higher |
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For men testosterone is related to __________ in/of sex |
interest |
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For women testosterone is related to _________ in/of sex |
frequency |
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______________ levels are related to masturbation in men |
testosterone |
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____________ levels are related to masturbation in women |
Estrogen |
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Physical presence of partner is associated with ________ testosterone levels |
lower |
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Men in long-distance or same city relationships have ____________ levels in testosterone |
similar |
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Cognition can alter horomone level |
knowing you have a partner is enough to alter hormone levels |
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What affect do erotic images have on men and women |
men = Increased levels of testosterone women= increased levels of estradiol |
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What happens to women when they have thoughts of sex? |
Increased levels of testosterone |
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What is the love hormone? |
Oxytocin - regulates parental and reproductive behavior |
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What hormone causes orgasm? |
oxytocin |
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Oxytocin is derived frmom the words Oxys meaning ____________ and Tokos meaning ____________ |
1. rapid 2. childbirth |
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What is the milk let-down response |
a series of neural events that lead to milk ejection from the breasts |
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Oxytocin in rodents: Increases ___________ in female rodents Increases _______________ in male rodents |
- Receptivity - Penile erection |
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Oxytocin in humans: Less direct role in sexual response. Increase in oxytocin affects - _____________ -____________ - _____________ |
- sexual arousal - orgasm - cervical-vaginal stimulation |
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Intra- nasal oxytocin increases ____________ of genital arousal |
perception |
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FMRI detects ________________________ in people that have fallen out of love |
Caudate nucleus activation |
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What is a Pheromone? |
Olfactory signals that trigger social response in members of the same species |
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What organ detects Pheromones? |
vomeronasal orgam - First stage of the accessory olfactory system - secondary system of smell, that detects and processes pheromones |
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Pheromes in rodents: Males - Odours related to _____________ induce mounting behavior in male rats - _____________ in sexually inexperienced male rodents prevents ability to copulate |
1. Estrus 2. Anosmia (loss of smell) |
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Females - Female-female mounting can be stimulated by exposure to __________ from estrus females - The same behavior is blocked in females with lesions of the olfactory system |
Urine |
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Pheromones in humans are produced by the ____________ |
Apocrine glands - glands that open at the surface of the skin |
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2 areas with apocrine glands are:
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- pubic areas - armpit |
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Synthesis of pheromones in humans are controlled by ____________ |
androgens |
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What is the Pheromone found in men's sweat? |
Androstadienone |
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Androstadienone - Might alter salience (importance) of emotional info in both men and women - Alter __________ levels in women - Increases women's perception of ________ - Alters blood flow in the _________ |
1. Cortisol 2. pain 3. brain |
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Menstrual synchrony experiment |
onset of menstruation was significally closer (4.6 days apart) later in the year, compared to earlier in the year (when girls where apart) (6.4 days apart) |
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What is the Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
A group of genes that code for proteins found on the surface of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances - May be a method of commmunicating genetic makup to potential partners |
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Male mice prefer female mice with a different MHC from them |
Greater diversity in MHC allows for greater detection of foreign substances |
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Human females prefer males with a ____________ MHC type |
dissimilar - unless pregnat or on contraception |
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Females in late 40s produce less __________ |
estradiol - coincides with depletion of oocytes (eggs) |
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Wax and wane of female hormones happens during the _________________ period |
perimenopausal |
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What is Menopause |
period of time after a women has ceased to menstruate (for 12 months or more) |
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During menopause tesosterone levels drop by ________ |
half |
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What causes low sexual desire during menopause? |
- Testosterone drops by HALF - Estradiol drop |
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What is Hormone replacement therapy? |
treatment aimed at reducing the discomfort associated with a drop in circulating hormone levels |
