Psyc 2000 Exam 2 Chapter 6

Front 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience.

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Why does your mouth water when you see a large slice of chocolate cake? The answer to this was accidentally discovered in the laboratory of _______________.

Back 2

Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov

Front 3

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

Back 3

Classical conditioning

Front 4

The process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses.

Back 4

Conditioning

Front 5

Another word of learning.

Back 5

Conditioning

Front 6

Some responses are _________ and don't require conditioning.

Back 6

Inborn

Front 7

Before conditioning occurs, it does not naturally elicit a relevant or consistent response.

Back 7

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Front 8

Pavlov's discovery was that learning occurs when a neutral stimulus such as a tone is regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The neutral stimulus then becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) which elicits a conditioned response (CR) --- salivation. (T/F)

Back 8

True

Front 9

The most fundamental way tht all animals, including humans, learn most new responses, emotions, and attitudes.

Back 9

Classical conditioning

Front 10

Two scientists who experimented on classically conditioned fear on "Little Albert".

Back 10

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner

Front 11

______________ explains behavior as a result of observable stimuli and observable responses.

Back 11

Behaviorism

Front 12

Watson showed us that many of our likes, dislikes, prejudices, and fears are __________________.

Back 12

Conditioned emotional responses

Front 13

Occurs when an event similar to the originally conditioned stimulus triggers the same conditioned response.

Back 13

Stimulus generalization

Front 14

A term that refers to a learned response to a specific stimulus, but not to other similar stimuli.

Back 14

Stimulus discrimination

Front 15

Most behaviors learned through classical conditioning can be weakened or suppresed through ____________. This occurs when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is repeatedly withheld whenever the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented, which gradually weakens the previous association.

Back 15

Extinction

Front 16

However, extinction is not unlearning---it does not "erase" the learned connection between the stimulus and the response. In fact, on occasion, an extinguished response may "spontaneously" reappear termed "spontaneous recovery". (T/F)

Back 16

True

Front 17

If a conditioned stimulus is reintroduced after extinction, the conditioning occurs much faster the second time around --- a phenomenon called _______________.

Back 17

Reconditioning

Front 18

Occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through repeated pairings with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS).

Back 18

Higher-order conditioning

Front 19

Learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences (also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning)

Back 19

Operant conditioning

Front 20

A consequence that strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur.

Back 20

Reinforcement

Front 21

A consequence that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur.

Back 21

Punishment

Front 22

In ___________ conditioning, the organism's response is generally passive and involuntary.

Back 22

Classical

Front 23

In ___________ conditioning, the organism's response is generaly activy and voluntary.

Back 23

Operant

Front 24

The learner __________ on the environment and produces consequences that influence whether the behavior will be repeated.

Ex: If your friends smile and laugh when you tell a joke, you are likely to joke more. If they frown, groan, or ridicule you, you are likely to joke less.

Back 24

Operates

Front 25

He is a pioneer of operant conditioning, determined that the frequency of a behavior is modified by its consequences.

Back 25

Edward Thorndike

Front 26

Thorndike's rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence. Also the first step in understanding how consequences can modify active, voluntary behaviors.

Back 26

Law of effect

Front 27

_______________ extended Thorndike's law of effect to more complex behaviors. He emphasized that reinforcement and punishment always occur after the behavior of interest has occurred. In addition, he cautioned that the only way to know how we have influenced someone's behavior is to check whether it increases or decreases.

Back 27

B. F. Skinner

Front 28

Consequences are the heart of ___________________.

Back 28

Operant conditioning

Front 29

Reinforcers, which strengthen a response, can be grouped into two types:

Back 29

Primary and secondary

Front 30

__________ reinforcers satisfy an intrinistic, unlearned biological need (food, water, sex).

Back 30

Primary

Front 31

____________ reinforcers are not intrinsic; the value of this reinforcer is learned (money, praise, attention).

Back 31

Secondary

Front 32

Each type of reinforcer can produce ______________ or ______________ reinforcement, depending on whether certain stimuli are added or taken away.

Back 32

Positive; negative