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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Motivation |
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met |
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biological motivations |
food, water, sex |
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emotional motivations |
panic, fear, love, hatred |
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social motivations |
peer pressure, other people's beliefs |
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cognitive motivations |
perceptions, beliefs, expectations |
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intrinsic motivation |
reading because reading is fun, baking because baking is fun |
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extrinsic motivation |
baking to sell goods and make money, reading to write a book report and ace English class |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs |
needs at lower levels must be met before you can move onto higher levels. physiological (breathing, food, water) -> safety (security, shelter) -> belongingness and love (friendship, family, sex) -> esteem (self-esteem, confidence) -> self-actualization (morality, creativity) |
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self-determination theory |
There are three inborn and universal needs that help people gain a complete sense of self and whole, healthy relationships with others: autonomy (functioning by yourself, sense of control), competence (feel like you know what you're doing), relatedness (friendship, family, sex) |
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Evolutionary approach to motivation |
Motivation is a product of automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses with the ultimate goal of enhancing survival. includes instincts |
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instincts |
biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior; hardwired, automatic behavior |
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optimal-arousal theory of motivation |
people have optimal levels of arousal; explains unnecessary behavior such as curiosity or risk-taking |
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arousal |
general level of activation |
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sensation seekers |
live at a higher optimal level of arousal |
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optimal-arousal theory of motivation - impact on performance |
Difficult tasks are best done at a low level of arousal, while easy tasks are best done at a high level of arousal |
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drive-reduction theory of motivation |
The motivation to balance biological needs; the need maintain homeostasis, where an imbalance creates a “need” or ”drive" |
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drive-reduction theory of motivation - need |
requirement of some material that is essential for survival of the organism; biological requirement for well-being |
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drive-reduction theory of motivation - drive |
psychological tension and physical arousal that motivates an organism to act in order to fulfil the need and reduce the tension; psychological state that provides motivation |
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incentive |
external object or event that motivates behavior and can influence drives |
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universal emotions |
set of emotions that are common to all humans: sadness, happiness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear |
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self-conscious emotions |
emotions that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions: shame, pride, guilt, humiliation, and embarrassment |
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emotion's influence on attentional processes |
shifts attention: negative emotions narrow attention, whereas positive emotions widen attention |
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emotion's influence on action tendencies |
Approach/avoidance: negative emotions facilitate withdrawal or avoidance of objects, whereas positive emotions facilitate explorations or approach of objects |
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The three elements of emotion |
physiology of emotion, expression of emotion, subjective expression of emotion |
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The three elements of emotion - physiology of emotion |
limbic system and amygdala; learning, recognizing, and perceiving emotions, trouble with appraisal-an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus; for example, with fear comes goose bumps, sweating, increased heart rate, and dry mouth |
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The three elements of emotion - expression of emotion |
very culturally based; facial expressions, body language, movement; display roles&facial motor systems |
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The three elements of emotion - subjective expression of emotion |
labeling, top-down processing |
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display rules |
learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings including intensification and masking. sincere emotions are symmetrical, last for .5-5 seconds, and appear and disappear smoothly |
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pyramidal facial motor system |
voluntary or fake smiles |
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extrapyramidal facial motor systems |
involuntary or real smiles |
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james-lange theory of emotion |
physiological responses cause emotion |
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facial feedback hypothesis |
we experience emotions once we recognize the physical changes taking place |
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cannon-bard theory of emotion |
emotion and physiology are simultaneous; the thalamus receives sensory information which it sends to the cerebral cortex (emotion becomes conscious) and peripheral nervous system (physiological responses) at the same time |
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cognitive arousal (two-factor) theory |
emotions are influenced by how we interpret the cause of an event or the arousal; emotion comes from identifying causes of an event |
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psychodynamic perspective of personality |
Focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development of personality |
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id |
pleasure principle, eros and thanatos, “I want it now”, libido |
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superego |
morality principle, rules, conscience, societal values, develops as you learn rules such as what your parents expect from you |
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ego |
reality principle, “maybe I can find a compromise”, mediates the demands of id, superego, and reality |
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psychological defense mechanisms |
ways of dealing with anxiety though unconsciously distorting one’s perception of reality, strategies to protect the mind against anxiety and guilt |
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repression |
pushing threatening or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory; keep impulses unconscious |
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rationalization |
making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior; explain/justify behavior |
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projection |
placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belong to them and not to oneself; attribute impulses to others |
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reaction formation |
forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts; change unacceptable impulses to the opposite |
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displacement |
expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target; “tacking it onto someone else” |
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sublimination |
turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior; change unacceptable impulse to an accepted one |
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psychosexual stage theory |
Freudian stages of personality development; at each stage, a different erogenous (pleasure-producing) zone becomes important |
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psychosexual stage theory - Oral Stage, 0 to 18 months |
mouth, sucking, biting, chewing -> dependency, smoking, sarcasm |
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psychosexual stage theory - Anal Stage, 18 to 36 months |
anus, bowel, bladder, potty training -> orderliness, cleanliness, OCD behavior |
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psychosexual stage theory - Phallic Stage, 3 to 6 years |
own or parent’s genitals -> attraction to people who resemble their opposite sex parent |
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psychosexual stage theory - Latent Stage, 6 to puberty |
sexuality dormant, “boys are icky" |
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psychosexual stage theory - Genital Stage, puberty on |
genitals, sex acts -> immature sexuality, self- or other-focused |
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fixation |
conflicts that are not fully resolved can result in “getting stuck” to some degree in a stage of development |
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Behaviorist Perspective of personality |
focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior and includes aspects of social cognitive theory in that interactions with others and personal thought processes also influence learning and personality |
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Person situation controversy |
whether behavior is due to personality or situational factors |
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Reciprocal determinism |
three factors influence one another in determining the patterns of behavior that make up personality: environment, behavior itself, and personal or cognitive factors. Influenced by self-efficacy |
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Self-efficacy |
learned expectations about success |
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Humanistic Perspective of personality |
focused on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices in personality development |
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Self-actualizing tendency |
humans are always striving to fulfil their innate capacities and capabilities and to become everything that their genetic potential will allow them to become |
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Self-concept |
figuring this out is a tool to self-actualization: real self and ideal self |
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real self |
who you are now |
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ideal self |
who you want to be |
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Unconditional positive regard |
acceptance and support no matter what |
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Fully functioning person |
they are in the process of self-actualizing, actively exploring potentials and abilities, experiencing a match between real and ideal self, and have unconditional positive regard |
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Trait perspective of personality |
unlike the other perspectives, trait theorists are more concerned about the end result—the characteristics themselves; some trait theories assume that traits are biologically determined, while others do not; attempt to describe personality in terms of a person’s traits |
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Source trait |
a basic trait a person has that leads to the many surface traits they show. Ex: extraversion |
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Surface trait |
what traits are shown on the outside, or come from the source trait. Ex: outgoing, talkative, open |
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central traits |
organize and control behavior in many different situations. Ex: reliable, hard-working, lazy, deceptive |
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secondary traits |
control far less behavior, situation specific. Ex: scared of revolving doors, so you won’t go through revolving doors |
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five factor or big five model |
Openness to experience - how interested you are in new experiences: artistic, curious, insightful, wide interests, intellectual
conscientiousness - ethical, organized, reliable, thorough, efficient, productive
extraversion - active, assertive, outgoing, talkative, gesturally expressive
agreeableness - appreciative, forgiving, generous, trusting, noncritical, warm
neuroticism - anxious, self-pitying, touchy, vulnerable, impulsive, emotionally unstable |
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Behavioral assessment |
inferring personality from behavior; includes direct observation, rating scales (subjective), frequency counts; used by behaviorists |
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interview |
open ended or structured, life outcomes; used by psychodynamic or humanistic |
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personality inventories |
a self-reporting questionnaire that has a standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers, such as yes/no/can’t decide or strongly agree-strongly disagree; asks direct questions about a person, quantitatively scored, objective, unbiased, based on facts, clearly stated items; advantages of efficiency and standardization, disadvantages of subject top deliberate distortion; ex: MMPI or NEO-PI-R |
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projective tests |
personality assessment in which the participant is presented with a vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell a story about what they see; unstructured stimuli create response freedom, avoid lying, draw a person test, thematic apperception-need for scales, ink blot test, used by psychodynamics; advantages of correct answer not being obvious, designed to tap into unconscious, flexible; disadvantages of low reliability and validity, no set way to interpret answers |
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abnormal |
1. Infrequency: how rare is the behavior? Just because it’s rare doesn’t mean it’s bad, and vice versa 2. Norm violation – violates cultural values, social deviation 3. Personal suffering – does it hurt or cause distress to your or someone else. Not everything that causes stress is a disorder and vice versa |
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Biopsychosocial Model |
Mental disorders caused by an interaction of biological (physical illness, disruption of bodily processes, genetic influences), psychological (wants, needs, emotions, unconscious conflicts, early relationships), and sociocultural factors (gender, age, race, marital status, cultural values, socioeconomic status |
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Diathesis-Stress Model |
includes risk factors (biological, psychological, sociocultural) and diathesis (predisposition for a psychological disorder. Needs stress to trigger the disorder. Precursors create vulnerability and stress causes disorder |
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Categories of Disorders in the DSMV |
anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, trauma, depressive, bipolar, dissociative, schizophrenia, personality disorders |
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Specific phobias |
fear of a specific stimuli. Arachnophobia – fear of spiders |
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social phobia/social anxiety disorder |
fear of being criticized or doing something embarrassing. Stage fright, fear of using the restroom in public |
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agoraphobia |
fear of being away from a safe place. Afraid if something bad happens they won’t be able to escape. Leads to shut-ins |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
long-lasting, unspecific anxiety, no object or source of anxiety, irritability, sleep problems, inability to concentrate, more common in women later in life |
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Obsessive compulsive disorder |
persistent thoughts, repetitive, ritualistic behaviors, “superstition on steroids”
Obsessions – constant, persistent, upsetting, unwanted thoughts that cause marked anxiety or distress. Worries
Compulsions – ritualistic, repetitive behavior that the person feels will reduce anxiety |
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Dissociative amnesia |
sudden memory loss and no new identity. Can occur with or without fugue (flight/running away) |
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Dissociative identity disorder |
reports having more than one identity. “multiple personality disorder” people who show this tend to have childhood trauma |
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Major depressive disorder |
includes depressed mood, diminished interest in most activities, appetite disturbances, sleep disturbances, feeling of restlessness, fatigue, loss of energy, feeling worthlessness or excessive guilt, suicide attempts |
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Bipolar disorder |
alternation between two poles of emotional extremes. Manic-positive mood and depressive-negative mood. Can lead to increased creativity |
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schizophrenia |
extremely disturbed thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior can’t distinguish between reality and fantasy, disorganized speech, can be inherited, stress-caused |
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Schizotypal personality disorder |
positive symptoms of schizophrenia: socially detached, odd thoughts and behaviors |
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Paranoid personality disorder |
suspicious, distrustful of others, people assumed to be hostile, everyone is out to get you |
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Schizoid personality disorder |
negative symptoms of schizophrenia: socially detached, restricted emotion |
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Histrionic personality disorder |
excessively emotional, must be the center of attention, emotionally shallow |
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Narcissistic personality disorder |
exaggerates ones own importance, arrogant, lacks empathy, “deserves” to be the center of attention |
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Borderline personality disorder |
intense, unstable emotions and relationships, impulsive, suicidal gestures, and angry outbursts |
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Antisocial personality disorder |
lack of remorse, superficial charm, violation of other people’s rights, “sociopaths” |
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Dependent personality disorder |
excessive need to be taken care of, submissive, helpless |
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Obsessive compulsive personality disorder |
preoccupation with order, control or cleanliness, more broad that OCD |
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Avoidant personality disorder |
oversensitive to criticism, feelings of inadequacy, inhibition in social situations |
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Psychoanalysis |
assumes people are driven by sexual and aggressive instinct, people have unconscious conflict between id, ego, and superego. Explore childhood events to help understand psychological disorder. therapist is a neutral expert who sits behind the patient. Use hypnosis, dream analysis, free association, Freudian slips, transference |
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Free association |
given a word and asked the first thing that comes to mind |
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Dream analysis |
symbols in dreams |
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Transference |
reenact wishes and conflicts with therapist |
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Person-centered therapy |
humanistic approach. Growth is facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from therapists; therapists show unconditional positive regard for the client in a nondirective setting |
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Behavioral therapy |
assumes peoples actions are based on learning, conditioning, and past experiences. Therapist’s role is a teacher or trainer. They focus on changing maladaptive behaviors into more constructive ones |
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token economies |
earning stars in class to get prize |
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Systematic desensitization |
similar to graded exposure therapy, learn relaxation and how to stay relaxed while going up the fear hierarchy |
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Flooding/exposure |
shoving you into the deep end and throwing a tarantula on your head |
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Cognitive therapy |
focuses on identifying and correcting distorted thinking of the self, others, or the world |
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Biomedical therapy |
psychological disorders are due to physical causes, therapist is medical expert |
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psychosurgery |
destroy brain tissue to treat psychiatric disorders. Prefrontal lobotomy cut into frontal lobe and sever connections. Used to treat schizophrenia, ocd, depression in the 40-50s, use declined due to psychoactive drugs and negative consequences |
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
the administration of electrical current to the brain. Shock treatment, used as a last resort, controversial history, but evidence that it is effective, why its effective is not known |
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) |
small electrical current that stimulates one part of the brain |
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monamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) |
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, very strong side effects. very addictive and easy to abuse, effective but not fast acting. Treatments for mood and anxiety disorders |
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Tricyclic antidepressants |
norepinephrine, serotonin, less side effects than MAOIs. Treatments for mood and anxiety disorders – very addictive and easy to abuse, effective but not fast acting |
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
serotonin. Treatments for mood and anxiety disorders – very addictive and easy to abuse, effective but not fast acting |
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Benzodiazepines |
anxiety, minor tranquilizer. Treatments for mood and anxiety disorders – very addictive and easy to abuse, effective but not fast acting |
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lithium |
treatment for mania, can be very toxic or useless if not monitored closely and often, don’t know why it works. Treatments for mood and anxiety disorders – very addictive and easy to abuse, effective but not fast acting |
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Typical antipsychotics |
treats positive symptoms. phenothiazines, haloperidol, dopamine (many pathways), side effects of tardive, dyskinesia, tremors, visual impairments, fatigue. for schizophrenia |
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Atypical antipsychotics |
treats positive and some negative symptoms. clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, dopamine (specific pathways) and serotonin. for schizophrenia |
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internal (dispositional) attribution |
behavior is due to characteristics of the person; doing something because of who you are; you did x because you are nice/mean/etc |
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external (situational) attribution |
behavior is due to aspects of the situation; due to environment |
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fundamental attribution error |
tendency to explain others behavior in dispositional rather that situational terms. We make dispositional attributions for others, and situational attributions for ourselves |
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similarity attractiveness |
similarity breeds attraction. Common interests, opinions, values, physical attractiveness (tens date tens), age, race, education, socio-economic status |
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physical attractiveness |
high bodily symmetry, body shape, average (not mediocrity), men prefer women with baby features, women prefer men with dominant features |
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triangular theory of love |
only passion-infatuation only intimacy-linking only commitment-empty love passion&intimacy-romantic love intimacy&commitment-compassionate love passion&commitment-fatous love passion,intimacy&commitment-consummate love |
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norm |
rules about acceptable behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives |
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descriptive norm |
what people actually do |
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injunctive norm |
what a person should or shouldn’t do |
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conformity |
changing ones behavior to more closely match the actions of other |
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compliance |
changing ones behavior in response to a direct request from one without authority |
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obedience |
changing behavior in response to a demand from an authority figure |
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deindividuation |
when gathered in a group, each individual in the group experiences a lessening of their sense of personal identity and personal responsibility |
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diffusion of responsibility |
a person fails to take responsibility for their action or inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility |
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social facilitation |
presence of others improves your performance |
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social loafing |
presence of others causes you to relax your standards and slack off |
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foot in the door technique |
initial small requests followed by gradually larger requests. “if you get your foot in the door, it’s easier to pry it all the way open”. Works because we want to be consistent |
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door in the face technique |
asking for a large favor first, then retreating to a smaller favor. Works off compromise and negotiation |
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milgrams study |
shock experiment. Ordinary men shock innocents because of official-looking experimenter’s order. Happened because of formational and normative influences, responsibility and self-justification (diffusion of responsibility), procedural details (gradual increase) |
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locus of control |
the tendency for people to assume they wither have control or don’t have control over the events and consequences of their lives |
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PTSD |
symptoms of anxiety, dissociative symptoms including emotional numbness or dissociative amnesia, recurring nightmares, sleep disturbances, problems in concentration, and moments of flashback lasting for over a month |
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becks cognitive therapy |
focuses on the distortion of thinking. Helps client realize their inaccurate or illogical beliefs. Focuses on the present and assumes people interact with the world with more than simple, automatic reactions to external stimuli. Help clients relieve symptoms, resolve problems, develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems, change the way they think from irrational or self-defeating thoughts to more rational, self-helping, positive thoughts |
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rational emotive behavior therapy |
clients are taught a new way to challenge their own irrational beliefs with more rational, helpful statements. take client away from "all or nothing" statements, helping them realize life can be good without being perfect |
