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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A systematic procedure through which associations and responses to specific stimuli are learned.
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Conditioning
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Automatic behavior that occurs involuntarily in response to a stimulus, without prior learning, and usually shows little variability from one instance to another.
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Reflex
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Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response.
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Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian Conditioning)
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A stimulus that normally produces an involuntary response.
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Unconditioned stimulus
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An unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus.
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Unconditioned response
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A neutral stimulus that through repeated association with an unconditioned stimulus, begins to elicit a conditioned response.
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Conditioned stimulus
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The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
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Conditioned response
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The process by which a neutral stimulus takes on conditioned properties through pairing with a conditioned stimulus.
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Higher-order conditioning
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The procedure of withholding the unconditioned stimulus and presenting the conditioned stimulus alone, which gradually reduces the probability that the conditioned response will occur. (conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the unconditional response)
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Extinction
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The process by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus. (white fuzzy objects such as rabbit and cotton still elicit fear that was elicited for white rat)
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Stimulus Generalization
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The process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not other similar stimuli.
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Stimulus discrimination
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John Garcia gave animals specific foods and drinks and then induced nausea and found that after that pairing the animals avoided the food or drink that preceded the nausea; The Garcia Effect
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Conditioned taste aversion
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Conditioning in which an increase or decrease in the probability that a behavior will recur is affected by the delivery of reinforcement or punishment as a consequence of the behavior.
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Operant Conditioning
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Any event that increases the probability of a recurrence of the response that preceded it.
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Reinforcer
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Presentation of a stimulus after a particular response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur.
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Positive Reinforcement
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Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a particular response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur.
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Negative Reinforcement
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Selective reinforcement of behaviors that gradually come closer to a desired response.
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Shaping
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A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer (reward) is delivered after a specified interval of time, provided that the required response occurs at lease once in the interval.
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Fixed-interval schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer (reward) is delivered after a predetermined but varying amounts of time, provided that the required response occurs at least once.
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Variable-interval schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement in which a reward is delivered after a specified number of responses has occurred.
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Fixed-ratio schedule
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A schedule of reinforcement in which a reward is delivered after a predetermined but variable number of responses has occurred. (best reinforcement schedule to use)
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Variable-ratio schedule
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In operant conditioning, the process by which the probability of an organisms emitting a response is reduced when reinforcement no longer follows the response.
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Extinction
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Bandura's theory that suggests that organisms learn new responses by observing the behavior of a model and imitating it
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Social Learning Theory aka Observational learning theory
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The process in which an observer matches his or her behavior to that of the model through an internal representation of the behavior, which is stored in symbolic form.
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Modeling
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Mental representations (internal) that enable people to navigate from a starting point to an unseen destination.
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Cognitive Maps
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What are the three stages of memory?
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encoding
storage retrieval |
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The organization of sensory information so that the nervous system can process it.
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Encoding
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Theory of memory that suggests that the brain encodes and processes stimuli (info) in different extents, and at different levels. (how info is processed determines how it will be stored for later retrieval)
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Levels-of-processing approach
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Processing of info that is similar for both encoding and retrieval of the info.
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Transfer-appropriate processing
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The principle that the effectiveness of a specific retrieval cue depends on how well it matches up with the originally encoded info.
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Encoding specificity principle
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The process of maintaining or keeping info readily available, as well as the locations where info is held
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Storage
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What are the three types of Memory storage?
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sensory
short-term long-term |
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The mechanism that performs initial encoding of sensory stimuli and provides brief storage of them (holds memory the shortest)
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Sensory memory
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How many items can be held in short-term memory?
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7 items (George Miller)
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Grouping of info to make it easier to remember. (Manageable and meaningful units of info organized in a familiar way for easy encoding, storage, and retrieval)
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Chunking (Chunks)
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The number of items that a person can reproduce form short term memory usually consisting of one or two chunks.
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Memory Span
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The process of repeatedly saying, thinking, or otherwise acting on or transforming info in order to keep that info active in memory.
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Reharsal
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Repetitive review of info with little or no interpretation. ex. repeating a phone number long enough to dial it
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Maintenance rehearsal
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Rehearsal involving repetition and analysis in which a stimulus may be associated with other info and further processed. (shopper attempts to remember things by organizing them according to a recipe)
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Elaborate rehearsal
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The storage mechanism that keeps a relatively permanent record of information.
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Long-term memory
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Memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete complex tasks (in steps) ex. driving a manual car
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Procedural memory
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Memory for specific information
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Declarative memory
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Memory for specific personal events and situations tagged with info about time.ex. seeing a movie last night, or being on vacation two summers ago.
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Episodic Memory
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Memory for ideas, rules, words, and general concepts about the world (non-time specific). ex. how to write an expressive poem about love
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Semantic Memory
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What area of the brain results in no new formation of long-term memories if damaged?
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Hippocampus
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Practice is most effective when done in ____ bursts?
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Short
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The process of changing temporary memory to permanent memory.
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Consolidation (Hebb)
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The process by which stored information is recovered form memory.
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Retrieval
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recall in which participants may recall items in any order. ex. a grocery list.
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Free recall
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Recall that is more difficult because the items must be recalled in the order in which they were presented. ex. recalling the digits in a telephone number
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Serial recall
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Recall in which participants must learn the association of items in pairs and be able to produce the second item in each pair when cued with the first item. ex. tree and shoe paired, if tree is shown response would be shoe.
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Paired associate recall
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The tendency to recall info learned while in a particular physiological or emotional state most accurate when one is again in that state. If you study drunk, you should take the test drunk too.
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State-dependent learning
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Loss of information form memory as a result of disuse and the passage of time.
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Decay
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A decrease in accurate recall of information as a result of the effects of previously learned or presented information. (old info messes with new info)
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Proactive interference
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A decrease in accurate recall of information as a result of the subsequent presentation of different information
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Retroactive interference
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people are presented with the names of colors printed in different colored inks. when color of word doesn't match the word its harder to pay attention to the word than if the name of color were just black.
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Stroop effect
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Inability to remember events and experiences that preceded a blow to the head or other event causing brain damage. (cant remember info before an accident)
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Retrograde amnesia
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Inability to remember events and experiences that occur after brain damage; the inability to form new memories
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Anterograde amnesia
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The study of the related phenomena of perception, learning, memory, and thought, with an emphasis on how people attend to, acquire, transform, store, and retrieve knowledge.
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Cognitive psychology
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A mental category people use to classify events or objects according to their common properties or features. ex. objects with four wheels, a seat and a steering wheel are "automobiles"
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Concept
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The behavior of individuals when confronted with a situation or task that requires insight or determination of some unknown elements.
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Problem solving
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A procedure for solving a problem by implementing a set of rules over and over again until the solution is found to guarantee a correct solution.ex. cant remember last digit of a phone number so you try them all until you find the right one
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Algorithm
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Who dealt with problem solving?
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Duncker
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Sets of strategies that serve as flexible guidelines for discovery-oriented problem solving.ex. Coach's use this by evaluating performance and deciding to make different plays for a better chance to win.
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Heuristic problem solving
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The inability to see that an object can have a function other than its usual one.
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Functional fixedness
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Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.
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Analogical Reasoning
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Expert problem solvers have what kind of knowledge?
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Domain specific knowledge
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The belief that the chances of an events occurring increase if the event has not recently occurred. ex. play the lottery all the time but you feel like your chances are increasing every time you don't win.
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Gambler's fallacy
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What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language functions?
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Left hemisphere
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The branch of computer science concerned with making a computer behave like a human being, especially in reasoning abilities.
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Artificial Intelligence
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Responsible for brain's ability to process information in a number of locations simultaneously.
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Neural Networks
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What is a system of symbols, usually words that have a meaning?
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Language
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The study of how the social context in which words are used affects their meaning.
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Pragmatics
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The study of the patterns and distribution of speech sounds in a language and the rules for their pronunciation
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Phonology
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A basic unit of sound that combines with others to compose the words in a language. ex. th in these
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Phoneme
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A basic unit of meaning in a language, and consist of one or more basic sounds. ex. d and o from do or a baby saying ma ma for mom
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Morpheme
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____ are predisposed to learn language?
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Children
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Whose vocabulary is more receptive and greater than their generative (productive) vocabulary (can hear it but can not talk it)
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Young children
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The age at which children of average ability can function intellectually.
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Mental Age
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What was Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence?
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general - affects all tasks
specific - associated with specific tasks together they were said to be necessary for successful performance of any task |
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The statistical procedure designed to discover the independent elements or factors in any set of data.
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Factor Analysis
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What are the three dimensions of Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence?
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analytic
practical creative |
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The dimension of intelligence involved in one's ability to solve problems where there is only one right answer.
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Analytic intelligence
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The dimension of intelligence that has to do with a persons application of his or her experiences in the external world and with everyday tasks.
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Practical intelligence
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The dimension of intelligence that has to do with the ability to deal with novel (new) situations and to think about solutions in new ways.
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Creative intelligence
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A test score that simply gives the number of correct answers not converted or transformed in any way.
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Raw Score
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A score indicating what percentage of the population taking a test obtained a lower score. ex. 90th percentile means 90% scored below you.
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Percentile Score
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A score that expresses an individual's position in relation to those of other test takers, based on the mean score and on how scores are distributed around it.
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Standard Score
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Larger families have children with ____ IQ scores.
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Lower IQ scores
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The tendency for people to do really well or really bad on a tests (they correlate with each other).
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Positive Manifold
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The ability to learn new things.
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Fluid Intelligence (Cattell)
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Who said that intelligence could improve the human species?
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Sir Francis Galton
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