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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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longitudinal / cross-sectional
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longitudinal = same ppl observed repeatdly for long period of time
cross-sectional = test of different participants |
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embryo (facts)
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2-9 weeks (1/3 get miscarried though)
360 M sperm by ejaculation |
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fetus
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9th week-birth
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placenta
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develop faster thant gfoetus
nutrient exchange blood vessels interwine in umbilical cord |
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PRENATAL BARRIERES- diet
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premature (37- weeks)
low birth weight(5.5- pounds) |
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low birth weight
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infant mortability
Canada, germany, iran, japan norway, china (...) USA = 46 |
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lack of prenatal care leaading cause
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finances
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TETRANOGENS
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viruses (rubella)
Drugs smoking alcohol caffeine&aspirine maybe |
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DRUGS teranogens
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all cross placenta freely
vit A, B6 barbituates accutant antibiotics |
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smoking teranogens
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fetal tobacco syndrome : retarded fetal growth
- low birth weight - hyperctivity Infant death (co2 blood high) |
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alcohol teranogens
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- low birth weight
- mental retardation - fetal alcohol syndrome small head flat midface hearing loss heart defects learning problems motor difficulties |
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ANOXIA
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compressed umbilical cord
baby squeeze cord wrapped around baby |
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NEONATES REFLEXES
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blinking
sucking rooting : find mother's nipple (go towards touch) palmar moro : hug babinski : toes upward when touch feet |
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NEONATES- SENSORY ABILITIES
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not perfect vision
taste&smell at 4th month prenatal |
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children psychosocial development
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easy (40%) : behave consistent
slow-to-wam-up (15%) : intense&negative responses to new contact but slowly adapt difficult (10%): inconsistent, non-adaptable |
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CHILDREN personality dev
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Freud = sexuel
ERICKSON basic trust (0-1.5) autonomy VS shame (1.5-5) - CONTROL initiative VS quilt (3-7) MORALITY industry VS inferiority (7-10) COMPETENCE |
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ATTACHEMENT
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HARLOW = contact comfort
BOWLBY = pre, begininings (diff), attachment (familiarity), reciprocal AINSWORTH = securely attached (66%), avoidant (20%) anxious-ambivalent (disorganised) |
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
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PIAGET
- sensorimotor (0-2) mental representation (think of objects not present) object permanence (not cease to exist when disapear) -preoperational (2-7) symbolic reprensentation (use objects not present) egocentrism do not get principle of conservation -concrete operational stage (7-pub) logical reasoning |
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CHILD LEARNING
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assimilation : new info incorporated in accustomed way of thinking
accomodation : alter way of thinking so new info that do not fit into existing schemas can be included |
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VYGOTSKY
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external factors = social interactions facilitate learning and performing skills
zone of proximal dev : tasks too difficult for the child to master alone |
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MORAL DEV ; KOHLBERG
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preconventional (4-10) : adherence to standards to avoid punishment
concentional role conformity (10-13) : behve to please people around them (social/interpersonal norms) autonomous moral principles (13+) : complete internalization of control (good/bad without even considering legal) |
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GILIGAN
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apply kohlberg to women
MEN : absolute view ; more rights of others WOMEN: context of behaviours; relationships |
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SECULAR TREND
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TENDENNCY of 2 gen to begin puberty at an earlier age than parents
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PIAGET - ADOLESCENCE
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formal operational stage : abstract thinking
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ERICKSON ADOLESCENCE
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IDENTITY vs identity confusion
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MARCIA identity ahcievement
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exploration of alternatives and adoption of well-chosen set of values/goals
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foreclosure
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unique identity is not allowed to develop
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identity diffusion
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no goals, apathy about schoolwork and future; lack of identity andmotivation to find one
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moratorium
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trying several personalities
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early adulhood
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greatest sensory sensivity
streght decrease from 30 intelligence improve (crystallised) = SCHAIE Intimacy VS isolation |
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parenting
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autoritarian : shape and control (less sociable child)
autoritative : right of parents/child is receiprocal (perfect child permissive: must learn from own expeirnce; less control (immature child) |
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middle aduhood
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physical decrease
-presbyopia -presbycusis more crystalised; less fluid intelligence Generativity (concern for next gen) VS stagnation |
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late adulthood
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lost of smell/taste (from 70)
size reduction sleep pattern change (no 4, less REM) longer processessing time (slowliness) intefrity VS despair (accept death) |
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death
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berevament : losing someone trough death
mourning : behavioral changes grief : reaction to bereacement |
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pseudohermaphrodites
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2 gonads of same kkid but external genitalia do not match chromosomal makeup
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prenatal sex differenciation
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7th week : H-Y antigen
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turner syndrome
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XO
neck and other physical abnormal heart disease memory and math problems |
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klinefelter's syndrome
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XXY
maLES hypogonadism no fertility (small penis) |
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XYY
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males, less intelligent than normal
may be associated with crime |
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genetic males
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more developmental disorders
-mental retardation -reading -delayed speech -fatal diseases (more SIDS) -chronic diseases |
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kinset
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0= hetero
6=homo |
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GID
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gender identity disorder
-cross gender indentification -desire to become other sex -psycho distress problem : pathologise the diff... |
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adrogenital syndrome
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exposure to excessive amount of androgens during fetal period ; females have genitals ressembling to those of men
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androgen insensivity syndrome
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failure of male embryo to respond to male hormones
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sexual interest
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vasocongestion : erection yooo
myotonia : energy built-up in muscles and nerves |
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bacterial vaginosis
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fish-like odor
pain and itching of vagina burning in urinaiton |
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chlamydia
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bacterial
infect cervix and urethra, can move to fallopian tubes and cause worse damages M: burning urine W: abnormal vaginal discharge |
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HERPES
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virus
type 1 (labial) ,2(genitalia) often no symptoms but if there is : blisters that can become ulcers PERMANENT |
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gonorrhea
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bacteria
grow rapidly often no symptoms M: burning, bizarre discharge W: same, also vaginal bleedin |
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syphilis
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bacteria
indinstinguishable from other diseases no symptoms for years but late complications primacy: sore (chancre) secondary: skin rash, mucous-membrane lesions later: disapear FINAL : damage to organs (eyes, brain, heart) =DEATHHH MOFO |
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dyspaneuria/vaginissius
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pain with sexual activity
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children dev
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2-3 : can label
5-7 : stability of sex 5: aggressive = men, appreciative=female 8: understand concept of mascu/femini 10: different atitudes towards each |
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gender differences
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M : taller, heaviers, stronger
larger brains talk more (more pwerful speech too) mathematical spatial visual spatial (only rotating objects in mind) help strangers physical violence F: life expectancy larger corpus callosum verbal analogies help families relational violence |
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juggler stress
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no more stress for women that work than homemakers (or females with fewer roles)
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personality tests
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MMPI : disorders
CPI : normal personality projective :ambiguous stimuli |
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barnum effect
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accept generalised personality descriptions as accurate of one self (use of favorable p. descriptions that apply to many peope)
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MISCHEL
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no personaity consistencies
behaviors result of SITUATION; not traits |
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BEM AND ALLEM
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some characteristics are consistent over time (intelligence, emotional reactions)
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epseint
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behaviour depend on situation but there is CONSISTENT BEHAVIOURAL TENDENCIES
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allport
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4500 traits (building blocks of personality)
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cattell
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16 traits to describe personaloty and make predictions of future behaviours
surface: easy to identify source : smaller number of traits that direct surface traits |
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eysenck
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3 basic traits
extraversion (nice) neurotiscism: emotional instability (anxiety) psychoticism: agressivity, lack of empathy |
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big five
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openness = prefer new experience, imagination
conscientiouness = well-organised, compettent extraversion=sociable agreableness =altruism, trust neuroticism = self-defeat, anxious |
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WESTEN AND SHEDLER
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reject questionnaire (only personality surface) prefer listening to client story
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SHELDON
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endomorphs : outgoing (round)
mesomorph (rectangular, assertive) rectangular ectomorph: thin, restrained, lonely |
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BUSS
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choice of mate is influenced by evolution (choice of mate having ressources; money, shelter, occupation)
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freud instincts
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eros =pleasure (kinda ID)
thanatos =agression, destruction |
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preconscious VS unconcious
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pre = thoughts, feeling easily brang to conciousness
un = very difficult to bring to concious lebel |
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supergo
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consicence and ego ideal
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psychosexual stages
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oral (0-1.5)= mouth
anal (1.5-3)=anus phallic (4-6) = genital, oedipal complexes latency (6-pub) = no genital (ado) = genitals |
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jung
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less emphasis on sexuality
archetypes: -persona, animus, anima,shadown,self -princple of extra/intraverions of person LIFT FORCE |
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HORNEY
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reject some notions ; personality disturbances viewed as basic anxieties that all people shared
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adler
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primary drive is social
SELF |
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skinner
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behavioral = environmental factors that initiate and mantain behaviior
strong empirical support |
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rotter
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internal/external factors scales
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bandura
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influence environment (not only affected) interaction is RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM
self-efficacy : belief of own-ability |
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humanistic
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focus on present and healthy pesonality
phenomena = study as it occurs maslow : hierarchy rogers : self is conscious and acessible unconditional positive regard |
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epidemiologists
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prevalance : %pop
incidenc : rate of new cases |
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most common psyc disorders
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phobias
alcohol/drug abuse major depressive disorder often comorbid (many disorders) |
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gad
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general anxiety disorder
low levels of gaba low tolerance of uncertainty |
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ocd
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obsessive compulsive disorder: repetitive, irrational, intrusive thoughts, impulses of images (obsessions) or acts (compulsions)
twins more likely to share disorder high orbital lobe glucose metabolism |
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somtatoform
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hypochondriasis :sure they are ill
somatization: many symptomes but no medical explanation conversion: anxiety converted into physical manifestation |
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phobias
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irrational fear of activity
COGNITIV E: ANXIETY IS misinterpreted as signs of impending disasters may be conditionned |
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dissociative disorders:
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disruption of particular funciton of the mind
ex; amnesia; identity |
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Depression
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4th leading disease
more mothers raise in past cecntury dysthmmic = chronic depression |
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SAD
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seasonal affection disorder
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Suicide
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one of leading causes of death
more males, unmarried, depressed increase with age more in caucasians more in north hemisphere |
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bipolar disorder
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mania and depression
low norepinephrine/serotoni T= lithium draw arbitrary inferences |
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psychosis
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lose contact with reality
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schizophrenia - positive
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unorganised speech (loose associations, neologisms)
delusions : FALSE beliefs hallucinations |
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schizophrenia negative
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flat effect
blunted effect avolition lack of self care |
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blunted&flat effect
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schizo
flat = inhability to experience emotion blunted- inhability to experience typical range of emotions |
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personality disorder
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long-lasting patterns
ado resist to tretment 3 type: -odd/eccentric -dramatic/emotional -anxious |
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16,17th century
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witchery
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19th
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state hospitals
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1950:
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desinsititutionalization: due to drugs
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antianxiety drugs
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benzodiapezines (gaba bending enhanced)
valium xanax librium |
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depression drugs
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-trycyclic (excitatory longer) = elavil
-MAO inhibitor (NE and sero not broke down) -selective seotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) = prozac |
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antisychotic
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block dopamine receptors in brain
more effective on positive can lead to tardive dyskenia Thorazine or dozapine |
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psychoanalytic therapy
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free association
dream content |
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resistance
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when patient's flow of words and thoughts stop (defense mechanism)
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transference :
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patient's positive/negative reaction to the therapist
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rational-emotive behavior therapy
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challenge and quesstion client's irrational idea
ABC framwork (ellis) -activating event -belief -consequences |
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congitive behavior therapy
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self-monitoring
cognitive restructuring : identify incorrect behav mindfulness training: observe and judge own thoughts |
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beck cognitive therapy
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automatic thoughts : quick&plausible
selective abstractions: focus of negative overgeneralisation: based on limited info |
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cognitive triad
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negative view of world, self future
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aversion:
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unpleasant stimulus decrease unwanted behavior (operant C)
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resilience:
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ability to rebound psychologically after stress
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gas
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general adaptation syndrome
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psychoneuroimmunology
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how body defend itself ; cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine help stress but nocive in the long run
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LAZARUS AND FOLKMAN
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appraisal of events
primary : is it harmful secondary: do i have ressources |
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type A heart disease
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hostile and anxiety
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hardiness
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commitment, sese of control and tendency to view change as challenge
less ill |
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explanatory style
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optiminists when confronting situations is better for health
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progressive relax
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become relax, repeat tense and then relax each muscle group
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enthnocentrism
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disregard cultural dfferences nd see other cultures as an extension of their own superior culture
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social facilitation
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persence of other people enhance performance
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assimilation (socisl)
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assuming that a person possess all the characteristics of a category
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beautiful is good stereotype
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attractive poeple have positive caracteristics
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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our expectations elicit behavior
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self-disclosure
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amount of personal information a perso is willing to share with others
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fundamental attribution error
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tattribute behaviors to internal causes
when strong situational determinants are not there |
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self-serving bias
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sucess = internal
failure = external |
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ego defense
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make threatening statement to the type of individual making them allow us not to confront the possibility that the statement is true
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cognitiive dissonance
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inconsistency btw thoughts and behaviors
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bystander effect
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lower responsibility in group
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sleeper effect
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messages from sources low in experience (compensate by atrtactiveness and trustwortiness) ; message and source get detached
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group polariation
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original attitudes of group members are enhanced during group disscussions (riskier decision than if alone)
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foot-in-the-foot
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agreeing to smaller resquest : more prone for bigger one
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door-in-the-face
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1st presented with extremely large request : more likely to accept more reasonable request
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social loading
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exert less effort when in group task
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deindividuation
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loss of personality in a group
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