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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
NICOTINE REPLACEMENT THERAPY (NRT) is an agonist substitute. Nicotine is addictive, but much less damaging to the body than the other components of cigarettes (such as tars). One strategy for reducing smoking is therefore to replace the nicotine obtained through smoking with a safer nicotine source. Nicotine replacement therapy is available in a number of forms including patches, gum, nasal spray and inhalers. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
SELBY (2012) found that a 21.4% who called a helpline to receive a free 5 week course of NRT were still non-smokers after six months, compared to 11.6% of the control group. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(-) Side effects – common side effects of NRT include disturbed sleep, dizziness and headaches. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
AVERSION THERAPY is based on the principles of classical conditioning. It creates a negative association with the addictive behaviour. This may be achieved by administering drugs which cause nausea when the substance (e.g. alcohol) is consumed or by means of painful (but relatively mild) electric shocks when the behaviour is carried out. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
SMITH (1988) gave 327 smokers a five day course of treatment involving aversion therapy and therapy sessions. The participants self-administered shocks though a wristband when taking part in smoking behaviour, such as opening a pack of cigarettes or placing one in the mouth. They were asked not to inhale any of the smoke so that there were no positive associations with the behaviour. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(-) Ethical issues – the patient is being subjected to a unpleasant substance or shock – psychological harm? |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
LEGISLATION such as ‘Smoking in public places’ was banned in the UK in July 2007. Although the primary objective of this legislation was to protect workers and the general public from the harmful effects of second-hand smoke, evidence suggests that smokers have also found that the law has created a more supportive environment for them to quit smoking. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
Information Centre for Health & Social Care statistics show that nearly a quarter of million people quit smoking with the help of local NHS Stop Smoking Services between April and December 2007. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(-) Rebound effect - West (2009) found that there was a decline in the percentage of people smoking in the UK following the ban on smoking, but attempts to stop smoking were actually greater in the nine months before the ban. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
NALTREXONE is an opium antagonist – meaning that it blocks the action of endorphins in the brain, thus reducing the rush of pleasure felt by the addict when they indulge in the addictive behaviour. The drug has been used for some time to treat chemical addictions such as alcoholism, but is now also being used to treat behavioural addictions such as gambling. Grant and Kim (2006) suggest that gamblers experience a rush of excitement akin to that of heroin users. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
KIM & GRANT (2001) found that naltrexone reduced thoughts about gambling, the urge to gamble and – at relatively high doses – gambling behaviour itself. In a further study, Kim et al (2001) found that, over a 12 week period, naltrexone was more effective than a placebo in controlling the frequency and intensity of urges to gamble, as well as the behaviour. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(-) Side effects – possible side effects include nausea, headaches, constipation and insomnia. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY (CBT) is based on the idea that addictive behaviours are maintained by the person's thoughts about these behaviours. The main goal of CBT is to help people change the way they think about their addiction, and to learn new ways of coping more effectively with the circumstances that led to these behaviours in the past (e.g. coping with difficult situations or when exposed to peer pressure). In gambling addiction for example,cognitive errors, such as the belief that the individual can control and predict outcomes, play a key part in the maintenance of gambling. CBT attempts to correct these errors in thinking, thus reducing the urge to gamble. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
LADOUCER (2001) randomly allocated 66 pathological gamblers either to a cognitive therapy group or to a waiting list control group. Of those who completed treatment, 86% no longer fulfilled the DSM criteria for pathological gambling. They also found that after treatment, gamblers had a better perception of control over their gambling problem and increased self-efficacy, improvements that were maintained at a one-year follow-up. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(+) Increases self-efficacy – makes the individual feel more responsible and in control of their own behaviour, which may be very important for gamblers and other addicts, as they may traditionally feel ‘helpless’ when faced with their addiction. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
LEGISLATION like the Gambling Act (2005) restricts gambling activities. It offers limitations on who, where and what gambling can occur in the UK. Its primary objectives were to prevent gambling being a source of crime; that gambling is conducted fairly and openly and that vulnerable people like children are not harmed or exploited. The aim is therefore not to overtly stop gambling addiction, but one of its impacts is that it might make gambling behaviour less accessible, especially for children. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
Health Survey England (2013) reported that 68% of men and 61% of women in the ‘16-24 year old’ category had gambled in the last 12 months (including lottery), without the lottery these numbers dropped to 54% and 45% respectively. |
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Types of intervention and their effectiveness |
(-) easier access to gambling such as on-line sites mean problem may be regulated, but it is actually more widespread. |