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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of time out? examples. |
Temporary removal of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period following the occurrence of the problem Bx (results in a decrease in the frequency/probability of the Bx). Examples: Child hits classmate & is temp. removed from the reinforcers for playing on the playground. |
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what is the definition of response cost? examples. |
Contingent on the occurrence of a problem Bx a specified amount of a reinforcer is removed, resulting in the decrease in the frequency/probability of the problem Bx. Examples: police fine you when you speed or park in the wrong spot; IRS fines you for not paying taxes; coming home past curfew and parents remove opportunity to see friends again |
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what is positive practice? Examples. |
Contingent on problem Bx, the client has to engage in the correct form of the relevant Bx multiple times. Example: child who engages in toe-walking is shown how to walk correctly and is made to walk correctly X amount of times |
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What is restitution? Examples. |
Contingent on problem Bx the client must correct he environmental effects of the problem Bx and restore the environment to a condition better than that which existed before the problem Bx. Example: client throws food at dinner time and is required to clean up the mess he/she made AS WELL AS cleaning the other client's dishes. |
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What is self management from a behavior analytic perspective? |
When a person uses behavior modification/ABA procedures to change his/her own behavior. Involves engaging in Bx in the present to control the occurrence of another. Person manipulates antecedents and consequences of his/her own Bx to make some Bx more or less likely. |
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what is temporal discounting? |
The longer the delay between some Bx and a consequence, the less likely the consequence is to function as a reinforcer or aversive stimulus for the Bx. |
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What is a small but cumulatively significant outcome? examples. |
The immediate outcome of a specific instance of a Bx is too small to reinforce or punish a response, but the cumulative impact of many such outcomes is large. Examples: smoking, exercise, studying hard, eating junk food, overeating, etc. |
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what is awareness training? examples |
Before habit Bx's can be treated, the person must be made aware of when the Bx occurs or when it is about to occur. W/ therapist help the problem habit Bx is defined and the client is taught to recognize each occurrence of the Bx. |
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what sort of competing response should be chosen in treating a habit disorder? |
A response that is incompatible with the problem habit and is not easily identified by others (decreases stigma). |
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what is a generalized conditioned reinforcer? examples. |
Stimuli that have been correlated with a variety of other reinforcers and thereby acquire conditioned reinforcing properties. Examples: money; attention/praise/approval/ tokens in a token economy |
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what is a token economy? |
A reinforcement system; Conditioned reinforcers called tokens are delivered to people for desirable behavior. The tokens are later exchanged for backup reinforcers. |
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what is a token? how do tokens become generalized conditioned reinforcers? |
A conditioned reinforcer used in a token economy. Delivered to a person immediately following the occurrence of some desirable Bx. |
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What are backup reinforcers? |
Reinforcers for which tokens are exchanged in a token economy. Examples: line leader, get to go to lunch early, extra recess, etc. |
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What is a behavioral contract? |
A written document that specifies a particular target Bx for a client, as well as the consequences that will be contingent on the occurrence or nonoccurrence of the target Bx within a specified period of time. |
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Define operant conditioning. Examples |
An organism operates on its environment. the outcome or consequence of the behavior makes it more or less likely the behavior will occur again in future similar circumstances. find |
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Define respondent conditioning. What are other names for respondent conditioning? Examples. |
Classical Conditioning/Pavlovian Conditioning: A previously neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when it is parked with an unconditioned stimulus. The CS elicits a conditioned response similar to the unconditioned response elicited by the US.
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Define US, UR, CS, and CR. Give examples of each. |
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)=a stimulus that produces the unconditioned response (UR) without previous pairing with another stimulus. Unconditioned Response (CR)=an unlearned "automatic" response elicited by the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.
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what is higher-order conditioning? examples |
Establishing a conditioned stimulus (CS) by pairing a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS) |
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what is respondent extinction? |
Present the conditioned stimulus (CS) without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus (US) and the CS will lose its capacity to elicit the conditioned response. |
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How is respondent extinction different from operant extinction? |
Extinction is respondent conditioning is repeatedly presenting the CS in the absence of the US. Result: CS no longer elicits CR (CS returns to being a neutral stimulus). Extinction in operant conditioning is withholding the reinforcer for a previously reinforced response. Result: frequency/probability of behavior decreases. |
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What are the operant and respondent components of fear? |
Respondent: physiological respondent behavior (feelings we describe as "anxiety") Operant: all forms of escape/avoidance behaviors. |
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What is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)? |
Person trained to systematically tense and relax each of the major muscle groups in the body. Tensing and relaxing leaves them more relaxed than in their initial state. |
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What is a phobia? |
A fear (in the BA sense) in which the level of anxiety or escape and avoidance behavior is severe enough to disrupt a person's life. |
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What is systematic desensitization? |
A procedure in which a person with a phobia practices relaxation while imaging scenes involving the fear-producing stimulus. Involves: creating a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli; relaxation training; imagine fear-producing stimuli while relaxing. |
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Define US, UR, CS, and CR. Give examples of each. |
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)=a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired eliciting properties through previous pairings with a US. Conditioned Response (CR)= a learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS). |
