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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two basic goals of developmental psychology? |
1. Description (identifying behaviour at each point in development) 2. Explanation (determining causes of changes in behaviour) |
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Progress in the study of child development involves use of the _______ ______ |
experimental method |
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What was john locke's key term and what did he believe about knowledge? |
Tabula Rasa: blank slate Believed knowledge is gained through experience/children are products of environment |
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Who's key term is nativism (inborn process guide the emergence of behaviours in a predicatable manner) |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
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Cultural Relativism, The belief that culture should be examined and evaluated on its own terms was established by whom? |
Johann Gottfried (he also placed emphasis on language!) |
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Charles darwin, creator of natural selection, was the first to develop what method of study by observing his own child? |
Baby biography |
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Who is the father of child psychology and the first president of the American Psychological Association? |
G Stanley Hall |
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What does zeitgeist mean? |
Spirit of the times. Ideas shared by most scientists during a given period |
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What are the three components that make up personalities, according to Freud? |
id (pleasure principle), ego (reality principle) and superego (conscience and morals) |
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During Freud's Phallic stage, what process occurs in which desires and motivations are driven into the unconscious? |
Repression |
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According to Freud, Identification is ___ |
A child adopting characteristics of the same-sex parent (during phallic stage) |
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What three things are eriksons psychosocial theory based on? |
Trust, achievement, and wholeness |
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What is normative vs idiographic development? |
The debate of whether research should focus on identifying commonalities in human development or on the causes of individual differences |
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What is piaget's term for the study of childrens knowledge? |
Genetic Epistemology |
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What are schemes, as defined by Piaget? |
skilled, flexible action patterns through which a child understands the world (what a child does with the ball rather than what they know about it) |
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According to piaget, what two functions guide development? |
Organization (any new knowledge must be fit into the existing system) Adaptation (tendency to fit with the environment in ways that promote survival - toddler calling all men "daddy") |
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Piaget's term for changing existing cognitive structures to fit with new experiences is called |
Accomodation |
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Explain the 4 parts of Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective |
Microsystem: closest to individual (family, peers, and work) Mesosystem: interrelationships among the childs microsystem Exosystem: Social systems that can affect children but in which they do not participate directly (extended family) Macrosystem: attitudes and ideologies of culture (laws, social conditions, culture) |
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According to B.F. Skinner (reflexive conditioning) behaviour falls into which two categories? |
Respondent (based on reflexes controlled by a specific eliciting stimuli) Operant (voluntary behaviour controlled by its consequences) |
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What are habituation and dishabituation? |
Habituation: decline or disappearance of a response as a result of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimilus Dishabituation: Recovery of a habituated response that results in a change in the eliciting stimulus (changing clapping to a cymbal) |
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A child who was once scared of the dentist, after going many times with nothing wrong, may experience ___ of the fear stimulus |
extinction |
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Define positive and negative reinforcer |
Positive reinforcer: consequence that makes the behaviour it follows more likely though the presentation of something pleasant (Studying and getting A) Negative reinforcer: consequence that makes the behaviour it follows more likely through the REMOVAL of something UNPLEASANT (taking aspirin for a headache) |
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Define positive and negative punishment |
punishers make the beahviour it follows less likely. positive is the presentation of something unpleasant, negative is the removal of something desireable |
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What does the model of bandura's (s-r psychology) reciprocal determinism look like? |
reciprocal determinism is the interaction between a persons (p) behavior (b) and environment (e). It looks like a triange with P,B, and E at each end |
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Measures in child development should be both _____ and ___ |
Valid (measures what it's supposed to measure) Reliable (consistent over time) |
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Studying the effects of divorce on children would be what research method? |
Quasi-experimental (comparison of groups differing on some important characteristic) |
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What is the cohort effect? |
People of a given age being affected by factors unique to their generation |
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What are autosomes? |
The 22 pairs of chromosomes except for the sex chromosomes - the one pair that determines gender |
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Determine the difference between mitosis and meiosis |
Mitosis is the process by which cells reproduce, resulting in two identical cells Meiosis is the process by which germ cells reproduce and form 4 gametes |
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The basic unit of inheritance is a |
Gene |
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What are the four nucleotide bases and pairs? |
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. Only A-T and G-C can pair. |
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The unit of length of the DNA molecule is called a |
base pair |
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What is genomic imprinting? |
Biochemically silencing the alele from one parent so that only the allele from the other parent affects the phenotype |
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Identical twins are __zygotic and fraternal twins are _zygotic |
Monozygotic and dizygotic. |
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What are the passive, evocative and active gene-environment correlations in Scarr's niche-picking model? |
Passive relations are that your environment and genes affect similarly (celine dions family is musical and her niche is music) Evocative is when a persons genes evoke an environmental response (one kid likes basketball because his friends play it, the sibling one doesnt) Active is niche picking. A heritable inclination to select environmental exposure. |
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What weeks are the embryo present and what is key to remember about this time? |
3-8th week after conception. This is the most delicate time in the pregnancy as the babys major internal and external structures are forming |
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What is the role of the placenta? |
The placenta is an organ that forms where the embryo attaches to the uterus. It exchanges nutrients, oxygen and waste between the embryo and mother through a membrane that does not allow the passage of blood. |
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What is the age of viability? |
the 23-24th week of pregnancy, where a child has a chance to survive if born prematurely |
