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86 Cards in this Set

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james-lange theory

stimulus - autonomic arousal, muscle tension - emotion; perception of arousal labels emotion

cannon-bard theory

stimulus - autonomic arousal, muscle tension AND emotion separately at same time

why does evidence favor james-lange theory

less emotional muscle feedback leads to emotion; spinal cord injuries show this

locked-in syndrome

damage to brainstem - paralyzed/absence of body movement leads to absence of emotionality (absence of sensation)

central nucleus of amygdala

displays of emotion when activated, neurons activated by threatening stimuli

where does the central nucleus of amygdala receive sensory info

thalamus and cortex

if central nucleus of amygdala is damagaed...

reduced emotionality, lower levels of stress hormones, decrease in conditioned emotional response, decrease in emotion-enhanced memory formation

important site of action for benzodiazepine/anxiolytic drugs (valium)

central nucleus of amygdala

innate emotional expressions

sadness, happiness, disgust, anger

area of brain important in facial emotional recognition

right frontal cortex and amygdala

what happens with damage to orbitafrontal cortex

indifference, inappropriate social behavior, lack of restraint/inhibitions, decreased emotionality, decreased planning and forethought

prefrontal lobotomy

by Moniz, Freeman and Watts; damages white matter in orbitafrontal cortex; used to treat schizophrenic/bipolar patients; also called leucotomy

two factors that can affect aggression

low levels or decreased turnover of serotonin; high levels of testosterone

stimulus

form of energy in environment

sensation

transformation of energy from a stimulus into neuronal energy; used to understand light/sound waves

transduction

process of sensation in sensory neurons

perception

interpretation/organization of sensation of the mind (bran)

amplitude

loudness; height of waves; bass

frequency

pitch; treble; how many waves there are

complexity

timbre; tone; trumpet vs trombone

outer ear

pinna; acts as funnel

middle ear

eardrum and bones that transmits vibration off drum.

hammer, anvil, and stirrup

incus, malleus, and stapes; chain of vibrations starting with hammer - anvil - stirrup in MIDDLE ear

inner ear

cochlea, snail shaped, filled with fluid pushed against by stirrup and then vibrates against oval window of cochlea

basilar membrane hair cells

sensory nerve cells; move in fluid with vibrations, depolarize, secrete neurotransmitters; action potentials in auditory nerve to brain. In INNER ear

place theory

place in cochlea where different frequency sound waves/different pitched sounds maximally excites sensory neurons

sound pitches with place theory

high pitched sounds travel shorter distances on basilar membrane; low picthed sounds travel longer, can cause more hearing loss

frequency theory

number of action potentials proportional to frequency/pitch

main pathway for auditory system

auditory nerve - dorsal cochlear nucleus - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucelus of thalamus - primary auditory cortex in temporal lobe

which hemisphere has the most functions of speech

left - 95% of righties, 70% of lefties

right hemisphere with speech

expression and recognition of emotional content of speech, ability to speak about visual-spatial relations

aphasia

deficit in production and/or comprehension of speech from brain damage

broca's aphasia

damage to broca's area (frontal cortex) - poor speech quality though good comprehension

symptoms of broca's aphasia

difficulty with articulation, slow speech, effortful, non-fluent; lack of function words (articles/prepositions); nearly all content words (nouns/verbs) - telegraphic speech; difficulty finding words (anomia)

Wernicke's aphasia

damage to wernicke's area AND surrounding posterior language area (angular gyrus); poor recognition of words (word deafness); fluent meaningless speech; anomia; can't verbalize what they're thinking

functions of pathways between broca's/wernicke's areas

allows for oral repetition; allows to express content in a meaningful way

agraphia

no writing ability

dysgraphia

some writing ability with problems

pure alexia

complete word blindness; cannot read but can still write/talk; damage to visual cortex and/or no input from visual cortex to left hemisphere language areas

developmental dyslexia

impairment in reading; poor handwriting; difficulty tracking objects; delays in motor abilities/coordination, spatial relations and attention; affects perception of visual info, including words

physical properties of a light wave

wavelength - hue (color)


amplitude - brightness (like loudness)


purity - saturation (t hawks character)

cornea

clear, outside covering of eye

iris

colored part of eye; circular muscle that opens/closes

pupil

hole allowing light to enter eye

lens

focuses light, image is inverted and reversed in eye

retina

sensory neurons that transduce light into nervous system activity and other nerve cells

photoreceptors

perform transduction, change energy to nervous system stuff

rods

handle light/dark vision

cones

handle color and sharpness

fovea

highest acuity vision, directly behind pupil (all cones)

optic disk

blind spot; few rods/cones because optic nerve (axons of retinal ganglion cells) exits eye

what holds the visual pigment rhodopsin

rods and cones

rhodopsin

chemical that breaks apart in light into retinal and opsin, can be resynthesized but takes time

adaption of rhodopsin breakdown

fast adjustment from dark to light, slow going from light to dark

3 colors of cones

red, green and blue

ganglion cells

output cells; axons form optic nerve

amacrine cells

side to side connections between rods and cones, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells

path of visual info

left visual field - right side of retinas in both eyes - travels via optic nerves through optic chiasm to right thalamus - right visual cortex (occipital lobe)

trichomatic theory

all colors made from red, green and blue colors

color blindness

only 2 functioning cones

opponent process theory

three spectrums:


red - green


blue - yellow


light - dark


some level on each spectrum


negative after image

what does trichomatic partially explain about vision

how rods/cones function

what does opponent process partially explain

how retinal ganglion cells and brain function

primary visual cortex

striate cortex of occipital lobe; visual processing in cortex

dorsal stream of visual info

striate cortex to posterior parietal lobe; perception of location and movement

ventral stream

striate cortex to inferior temporal lobe; perception of objects

vestibular senses

sense of balance, position in space; sensory mechanism in inner ear, same nerve as hearing (CN 8)

otilith organs

utricle and saccule; otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals) in fluid bend cilia of hair cells; action potentials in vestibular part of auditory nerve (CN 8) go to areas of brainstem/cerebellum

cutaneous senses

touch and pressure, from sensory receptors in skin/muscle; dorsal column pathway: dorsal horn - ventral posterior thalamus - somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

pain

free nerve endings (from neruons) - sensory info;

spinothalamic tract for pain

dorsal horn - ventral posterior thalamus - somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe)

gate-control theory

ability of brain to inhibit pain info from reaching it (descending pathway); volume knob

primary motor cortex neurons

axons descend through hemispheres, through brainstem to synapse on spinal cord ventral horn motor neurons

ventral horn motor systems

axons leave spinal cord, synapse onto muscle fibers through acetylcholine

cerebellum

input to brainstem, spinal cord - balance, posture, coordination, timing

basal ganglia

receives somatosensory input - input to primary motor cortex - smooths and coordinates sequential movements; like walking up stairs

myasthenia gavis symptoms

immune system attacks and destroys Ach receptors on muscle fibers - muscles weakness and loss of movement

myasthenia gavis treatment

acetylcholiesterase inhibitors (blocks enzyme that breaks down Ach); remove thymus gland (part of immune system)

multiple sclerosis symptoms

autoimmune disorder; immune system attacks myelin of axons in the CNS; areas affected vary but motor weakness, sensory disturbances like numbness or tingling

MS treatment

beta-interferon (alters immune activity)

parkinson's disease symptoms

tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural and gait disturbances; eventually progresses to dementia

parkinson's disease cause

dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra progressively die; lack of dopamine disrupts activity in the basal ganglia, causing motor dysfunction

parkinson's treatment

dopamine precursor therapy: l-dopa, the immediate precursor to dopamine given, usually with alpha-methyldopa, that allows more l-dopa to reach brain before becoming dopamine

huntington's disease

inherited disease in which basal ganglia, especially the caudate-putamen progressively degenerate - GABA and Ach production dies; no treatment

huntington's disease symptoms

begin as motor dysfunctions and progress to dementia; jerky movements occur involuntarily and grow worse

huntingtin

protein on defective gene that causes huntingon's disease; length correlated with age of onset