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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a science? |
gaining knowledge by being objective and systematic |
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How is science gained? |
By using scientific methods |
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Name the hard sciences... |
Physics, Chemistry and Biology |
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Name the soft sciences... |
Psychology, sociology and ecology |
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name the 4 definitions for science... |
Objectivity, Falsifiability, Paradigm and Replicability |
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Who created the idea of the 4 humours? and how did he see psychology? |
Hippocrates proposed there are individual differences in personality related to body humours He saw psychology in a scientific way |
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Who was Wundt? What did he do? Where did he do it? and What did he aim to do? |
Wundt set up the first labrotory in an German university and his aim was to make Psychology more systematic and objective |
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Wundt's idea was furthered by who? what were they? and what were they seen to be? |
Watson and Pavlov Behaviourists seen as objective and scientific in their methods in psychology |
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What is Objectivity? |
When something is completely free of opinion or bias |
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Why is objectivity difficult for psychology? |
Because it is mainly theory led and so everybody has an idea of what to expect |
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What did Wallach and Wallach say about objectivity? |
that perfect objectivity cannot be achieved BUT we can be more we can be more certain if there is evidence to support it |
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What 2 things could potentially compromise the validity, and thus the objectivity? |
Experimenter bias and demand characteristics |
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What is Falsifiability? |
A study that can be tested and disproven is a science |
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BUT what theorys by a famous Psychologist are impossible to be falsifiable? |
Frueds theory that the mind consists of ego, superego and id- as there is no way of finding out for sure |
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What is a paradigm? |
An approach or viewpoint |
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What does Kuhn believe about Paradigm? |
Kuhn believes that this is essential to a science |
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Name the 3 different types of a science related to Paradigm |
Pre - science, Normal science, and revolutionary science |
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What is Pre science? |
no generally accepted paradigm |
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what is Normal Science? |
Generally accepted paradigm - influences the experiments that are carried out and how the findings are explained |
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Revolutionary Science |
Paradigm shift from old to new |
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What did Kuhn believe about psychology and its paradigm? |
that psychology has failed to develop a paradigm, so is a pre-science |
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Why is Kuhn true? |
As there are several theoretical approaches and not just one that everybody agrees on and it is also unlikely that everyone will agree |
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When is replicability more likely? |
when experiments are carried out in a careful and controlled way eg lab experiments |
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What are the non-scientific approaches to psychology? |
Humanistic approach and social constructionist approaches, |
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What is an example of a humanistic approach? |
Maslow and Rogers - who said that individuals report their conscious experiences and are very subjective |
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What do Social Constructionist approaches argue? |
they argue that there is no objective data and that our 'knowledge' of ourselves and the world is based on social constructions |
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What did Burr say about Social Constructionist approaches? |
That observations made by psychologists are determined by the cultural and historical influences on us. |
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what do psychologist say about the goals of science being appropriate for psychology? |
Some psychologists do no see the value of science for gaining psychological insights |
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What did Laign argue about 'scientific explainations of Schizophrenia? |
He said that important elements of the disorder are missed, such as distress experienced by the patient. |
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What did he feel about the aim of scientific approach? |
That it is to make generalisations about behavior (nomothetic approach) |
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How did he feel about the treatment and how it could succeed? |
He said that the only way the treatment could succeed was if each patient was treated as an individual case ( idiographic approach) |
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What did what Laign was saying about psychology suggest? |
that science may not be suitable for psychology |
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What are the arguements for psychology being a science? (give 5 examples) |
science to explain behaviour methods are falsifiable approaches do achieve their predictions research is replicable features are very scientific eg physiological psychology |
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What are the arguements against psychology? (Give 5 examples) |
Has no single paradigm lack of external validity lack internal validity subjec to demand characteristics and experimenter bias Opinion, not fact |
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What can we conclude about psychology being a science? |
Its reductionist, complex phenomenon is reduced Its deterministic, causal relationships Human nature is far more complex |
