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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basal Ganglia and memory |
gradual probabilistic learning relies on this |
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Alz. Disease Treatments |
1. High ACH activity thus increases arousal 2. Drugs are not effect when damage is already excessive. |
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Alz. Disease |
1. 50% ppl over 85+ 2. 5% ppl 65-74 3. 99% Late onset 4. NO EFFECTIVE DRUG 5. accumulation and clumping of brain proteins |
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Alz. Disease Proteins |
1. Amyloid Beta Protein: produces atrophy of the cerebral cortex and hippo campus 2. Tau Protein: part of intracellular support sys of neurons |
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Accumulation 2 Proteins in Alz. = |
1. Plaques: structures formed from damaged axon+dendrites 2. Tangles: structures formed from degeneration of neurons |
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Korsakoffs Syndrome Cause, Mean, and Symptoms |
Caused by prolonged Thiamine (Vit. B) deficiency, typically due to chronic alcoholism Means: brain cannot metabolize gulcose, which mean loss and shrinkage of neurons Symptoms: confabulation, confusion, memory loss |
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What causes older ppls working mem to decrease? |
Assumed: change in prefrontal cortex |
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Mass Action |
Cortex works better as a whole, and more the more cortex the better |
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Recent Episodic Memory |
have more contextual details than older ones |
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Hippocampus and Memory |
memory for context (sight/sounds/place) May be coordinator Critical for declarative memory |
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Damage to Hippocampus + Spatial Mem. can be tested by... |
radial mazes and water mazes
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Place responsible for Delayed Response Task (also involved in learned behavior and decision making) |
PreFrontal Cortex |
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Delayed non-matching-to-sample task |
subject sees object and chooses DIFFERENT one later |
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Delayed matching-to-sample task |
subject sees an object and chooses object that MATCHES later |
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Procedural Memory |
Development of motors skills + Habits Part of Implicit |
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H.M. could form new... |
Procedural Memory |
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Long-Term Memory |
memory that lasts a long time no capacity can be stimulated with cue |
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Short-Term Memory |
memory that lasts short-term fades quickly w/o rehearsal limited capacity cannot be stimulated with cue or hint |
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Explicit Memory |
Deliberate recall of info as one recognizes as memory (ex. childhood mem) |
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Implicit Memory |
influence of experience on behavior even if one doesn't recognize it (ex. unconscious mem) |
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Semantic Memory |
Memories of Factual Informaion |
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Episodic Memory |
Memories of a single personal event |
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Working Memory |
temporary storage of information |
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H.M. had none... |
Episodic memories :( |
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Types of Amnesia |
Retrograde and Anterograde |
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Anterograde Amneisa |
Loss of ability to form new memories after brain damage |
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Retrograde Amneisa |
Loss of memories prior to brain damage |
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H.M. |
had both types of amnesia.. Hippocampus was removed |
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Amnesia |
Memory loss, Hippocampus |
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Common test of working memory |
delayed response task |
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Memory Impacts |
Ones ability to picture the future |
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Working Memory Founders |
Baddley and Hitch- alternative to short-term mem. |
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Emotionally Significant Memories |
form quickly due to epi and cortisol enhancing the experience |
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Research has proven _____ about long and short term memory |
1.) not all rehearsed short term memory becomes long term 2.) there is time needed for consolidation of memory |
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Hebb (1949)
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differentiated between short/long-term memory |
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Richard Thompson |
classical conditioning states that an engram in the cerebellum not the cortex |
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Lateral Interpostius Nucleus (LIP) |
ID'd as central for general learning However, brain changes in that area does not prove learning took place |
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Equipotentality |
all parts of cortex connected to complex behavior functions |
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Lashleys Experiments |
showed that learning and memory DO NOT rely on one single cortical area |
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Lashleys Faulty Assumptions |
cerebral cortex in best/only engram place studying one type of learning is equivalent to any other |
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Engram |
physical representation of what has been learned |
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Instrumental or Operental Conditioning |
individuals response followed by reinforcer or punishment |
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Punishment |
decreases probability of response happening again |
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Reinforcers |
increase probability of response happening again |
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Classical Condtioning |
pairing two stimuli changes the ind. response to one EX. dogs salivate to bell |
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Who found Classical Conditioning? |
Ivan Pavlov |
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
Response to conditioned stimulus EX. Salivation |
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Conditioned Stimulus |
Stimuli that shouldn't produce effect, but does EX. Bell |
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Parietal Lobe and Memory |
associated with piecing information together |
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Amygdala and Memory |
responsible for fear learning |
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Damage to Anterior Temporal Complex... |
Results in loss of semantic memory |
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Prefrontal Cortex and Memory |
involved in learned behavior and decision making (also responsible for Delayed Response Task) |
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Hebbian Synapse |
-Increases in effectivenessbecause of simultaneous activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons -May be critical for associative learning |
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Hebbian Theory |
cells that fire together, wire together |
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Aplysia |
slug-like invertebrates with large neurons |
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Habituation in Aplysia |
decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly, accompanied by no other stimuli change. |
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WHY Habituation in Aplysia |
Change in the synapse between the sensory and motor neurons, sensory neurons fail to excite motor neurons as they did previously |
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Sensitization in Aplysia |
increase in response to a mild stimuli as a result to a previous exposure to more intense stimuli (Getting burned, youll react even if its only a little too hot) |
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WHY Sensitization in Aplysia |
changes at ID'd synapse include: -Serotonin released from a neuron blocks K channels in the presynaptic neuron -Prolonged release of transmitters fromthat neuron results in prolonged sensitization |
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Specificity |
Only synapses onto a call that have been highly active become strengthened |
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Cooperativity |
simultaneous stimulation by 2+ axons produce LTP (Long term potentation) much more strongly than does repeated stimulus by a single neuron |
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NOTE TO SELF WATCH VIDEO ON LTP and do other flashcards |
NOTE TO SELF WATCH VIDEO ON LTP and do other flashcards |
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Associativity |
paring a weak input with a strong input later increases the response to the weak input |
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LTD (Long Term Depression) |
prolonged decrease in response at a synapse that occurs when axons have been less active than others |
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Compensatory Process |
as one synapse strengthens, another weakens |
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LTP in Verebrates |
occurs when 1+ axons bombard dendrite with stimulation Leaves synapse potentiated for a period of time and neuron is more responsive |
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LTP depends on... |
glutamate and GABA synapses |
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Two types of glutamate receptors |
AMPA and NMDA |
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Drugs that improve memory |
Ritalin and Caffeine |
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Gene Expression and Memory |
Altering gene expression in mice equals slight benefits w/cost to other memory Altering behavior is better |
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A) Human Memory B) Sensory Memory C) Short-Term/Working Memory D) Long-Term Memory E) Explicit Memory F) Implicit Memory G) Declarative Memory H) Procedural Memory I) Episodic Memory J) Semantic Memory |
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Declarative Memory |
memory that you "just know", and an be consciously recalled as facts and knowledge |