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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A procedure in which a stimulus is followed by a reinforcer regardless of what the organism does. The procedure often results in the shaping of behavior without reinforecement
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autoshaping
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a chaining procedure in which training begins with the last link in the chain and adds preceding links in reverse order.
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backward chaining
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A series of related behaviors, the last of which produces reinforcement
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behavior chain
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In operant training, the procedure of establishing a behavior chain
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chaining
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Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties through its assosciation with other reinforcers. Also called conditioned reinforcer
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conditioned reinforcer
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Any reinforcing event that has been arranged by someone, usually for the purpose of modifying behavior
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contrived reinforcer
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An operant training procedure in which performance of a behavior defines the end of the trial
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discrete trial procedure
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one of the brain's major neurotransmitters and on source of a natural "high". It is thought to play an important role in reinforcement
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dopamine
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In Hull's theory of reinforcement, a motivational state (such as hunger) causec by a period of deprivation (as of food)
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drive
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The theory of reinforcers that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to the reduction of a drive
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drive-reduction theory
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An important nt that is tohught to be important in reinforcement. more commonly known as adrenaline.
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epinephrine
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A form of negative reinforcement in which the subject first learns to escape, and then to avoid, an aversive
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escape-avoidance learning
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(2) In operant training, the procedure of witholding the reinforcers that maintain a behavior
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extinction
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A sudden increase in the rate of behavior during the early stages of extinction
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extinction burst
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A chaining procedure in which training begins with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order
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forward chaining
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a chaining procedure in which training beings with the first link in the chain and adds subsequent links in order
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forward chaining
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An operant procedure in which a behavior may be repeated any number of times
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free operant procedure
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Any secondary reinforcer that has been paired with several different reinforcers
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generalized reinforcer
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operant conditioning
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instrumental learning
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The statement that behavior is a function of its consequences. so called becuase the strength of a behavior depends on its past effects on the environment. Implicit in the law is the notion that operant learning is an active process because it is usually the behavior of the organism that, directly or indirectly, produces the effect.
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law of effect
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Anything that establishes conditions that improve effectiveness of a reinforcer. also called establishing operation
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motivating operation
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Any reinforcer event that follows automatically (naturally) from a behavior.
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natural reinforcer
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A reinforcement procedure i n which a behavior is followed by removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stmulus. Somtimes called escape training
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negative reinforcement
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Any stimulus that, when removed, increases or maintains the strength of that behavior
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negative reinforcer
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The view that avoidance and punishment involve only one procedure---operant learning
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one-process theory
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Any procedure in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker depending on consequences. also called instrument learning
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operant learning
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A reinforcement procedure in which a behavior is followed by the presentation of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus. Sometimes called reward training, although the term reward is problematic.
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positive reinforcement
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The observation that high-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior
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Premack priniciple
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Any reinforcer that is not dependent on another reinforcer for its reinforcing properties
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primary reinforcer
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The procedure of providing consequences for a behavipr that increase or maintain the strength of that behavior
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reinforcment
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Theory of reinforcement that considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer's effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors
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relative value theory
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The theory of reinforcement that says a behavior is reinforcing to the extent that the organism has been deprived of performing that behavior, also called equilibrium theory.
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response deprivation theory
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The reappearance during extinction of a previously reinforced behavior
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resurgence
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changes in behavior due to positive reinforcement
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reward learning
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Formerly reward center, the nueral pathway believed to be associated with positive reinforcement. It is thought to be an area in the septal region, the area seperating the two cerebral hemispheres and running from the middle of the brain to the frontal cortex (thinking area)
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reward pathway
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A reduction in the effectiveness of a reinforcer due to exposure to or consumption of the reinforcer. Food can be reinforcing when a person is hungry, but it loses some of its effectiveness with each bite.
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satiation
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Any reinforcer that has acquired its reinforcing properties though its assosciation with other reinforcers. Also called conditioned reinforcer.
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secondary reinforcer
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In operant training, the procedure od reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
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shaping
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An escape avoidance training procedure in which no stimulus regularly precedes the aversive stimulus. Also called unsignaled avoidance
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Sidman avoidance procedure
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The procedure of identifying the component elements of a behavior chain
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task analysis
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The essential elements of all operant learning, often represented by the letters A B C, for antecedent, behavior, and consequences
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three-term contingency
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The view that avoidance and punishment involve two procedures---Pavlovian and operant learning
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two-process theory
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