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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Development |
Systematic changes and continuities |
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Traditional Growth is defined as |
Physical changes that occur from conception to maturity |
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Periods of a lifespan |
Vary based on cultural and historical context |
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Periods of a lifespan in order |
Childhood Adolescence Middle Age Old age |
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Age grade |
Socially defined age group |
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Age norm |
Societies way of telling how to act at a certain age |
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Learning is defined?... |
Process through which experience brings about relatively permanent changes in actions, thoughts, or feelings |
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Goals of developmental psychology |
Describing Predicting Explaining Optimization |
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Describing |
Traces how functions change with age |
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Predicting |
Seeing what factors would change development. Thus predicting development |
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Explaining |
Explain the reason for the outcome of development |
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Optimization |
Figuring out how to develop humans in positive directions |
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Life expectancy |
Average length a person is expected to live in a certain age group |
7 of them |
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Life span perspective on development |
Life long process Multidirectional Both gains and losses Life long plasticity Historical/cultural related Multiply influenced Multiple disciplinary field |
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Life long process |
Development occurs at any point in our lives (many points) Life span not effected by enviorment |
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Mulitdirectional |
Different aspects of human functioning have different trajectories of change. (Decline, increase, remain the same) |
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Both gains and losses |
Gains=growth. Reaching higher levels of function Loss=decline Opposite of growth |
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Life long plasticity |
Ability to change in responding to experiences. Children have high plasticity |
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Historical/cultural related |
Different development for different time periods and cultures |
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Multply influenced |
Nature (biological) vs Nurture (learned) |
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Multiple disciplinary field |
Different perspectives per discipline. Historical, sociological, neurological. (Etc) |
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Scientific Method |
-Choose question to answer -Formulate hypothesis -specific enough to test -falsifiable -Method to test Hypothesis -Collect data/draw conclusions |
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Basic research methods |
Experimental Correlational Longitudinal Cross Sectional |
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Experimental research method |
Manipulation Random assignment Experimental control |
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Correlation |
No manipulation Can't draw conclusions Positive/negative |
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Longitudinal |
Following specific people over certain amount of time Age effect/age related Time of measurment impacts |
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Cross sectional |
Different age groups One testing Age differences (age effect, cohort effect)data |
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Data collection techniques |
Interviews (structured/unstructured) Questionaires Tests Behavioral observations Case Studies (in depth look at a specific topic or issue)chor |
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Charles Darwin and Hall |
Darwin posed baby biographies (track child development) but he used his own kid. Hall took a turn on this idea by developing a questionaire to see into a childs mind |
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Sequential design |
Combine cross sectional and long.. Untangles effects of age, cohort, and time of measurment |
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Basic issues in human development |
Nature/ Nurture Activity/Passivity Continuity/Discontinuity Universality/Context Specific |
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Activity/Passivity |
Roles individuals play in their development Active ir passive |
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Continuity/Discontinuity |
Continuity/ Quantative)- development is gradual, in small increments)
Discontinuity- stage like |
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Universality/context |
Univer-same among everyone Context-different among people |
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Freud and Erikson |
Freud: emphasized unconscious behavior. Erikson: personality development |
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Oedipus complex |
Sons attatchment to mother |
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Electra complex |
Daughters attatchment to father |
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8 stages of development for erikoson |
Trust/mistrust Autonomye/shame Initiave/guilt Industry/inferiority Identity/role confusion Intimacy/isolation Generativity/stagnation Integrity/dispair
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Watson radical behaviorism/classical conditioning |
(Un)Conditioned stimulus/Response |
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Skinner (Operant conditioning) |
Situation-behavior-consequence. Reinforcments- inceases behavior Punishments-decrease likelyhood of behavior |
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Different reinforcements |
Positive -add something pleasent Negative-take away something pleasent |
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Punishments |
Positive- add something unpleasent Negative-take away something pleasent |
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Bandura: social learning theory |
Observational learning Vicarious reinforcement-use others experience to curb behavior Reciprocal determinism-person/behaviors of the person/enviorment |
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System theory approach |
Dynamic reciprocals--> interactions :changing person :changing enviorment Claims changes over a lifetime arise from ongoing transactions where changing organisms and changing enviorments effect eachother |
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Brondenbrenners bioecological model |
Microsystem Meso Exo Macro Chrono |
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Microsystem |
Immediate enviorment |
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Meso system |
Inter relationships |
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Exosystem |
Not directly involved but has influence |
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Macrosystem |
Ideology/culture that influences development |
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Chrono |
Time/historical influence |
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Epigenetic |
Study of non-DNA sequence related to heredity Interactions between nature and nurture |
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Constructivism |
Piagets idea Children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences |
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Reciprocal determainism |
Continuous back and forth interaction between a person/his or her enviorment/ and behavior |
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3 periods of prenatal development |
Germinals Embronic Fetal |
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Germinal period |
Blastocyst implants into uterus wall |
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Embryonic |
Development begins. Blastocysts seperate to form structures needed for development (organs, brain, spinal cord, kidneys, cartilage, heart, etc |
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Organogenisis (Em period) |
Major body organs formed |
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Ectoderm (Em period) |
Outer layer will develop into skin, hair, and nervous system |
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Mesoderm (Em period) |
Muscles bones circulatory |
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Endoderm (Em period) |
Digestive system, liver pancreas |
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Principals of growth (Embryonic period) |
Cephalocadual-head to toe Proxidodistal- center to outer Orthogenetic-global, indifferential |
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Placenta (Support structure) |
Semi-permeable Bloof cannot pass |
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Fetal period |
Gonads-ovaries/testies Genetial Tuberck- internal sex structures Mullerian and Wolffian ducts-female internal sex organs |
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Reproductive systems develop during the... |
Embryonic period |
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Teratogens imact depending in |
Timing Specific rather than global Dosage and duration Genotype Could be delayed Postnatal enviorment |
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Fetal Programming models |
Developmental orgins of disease Predictive adaptive response model |
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Developmental orgins of disease model |
Early exposures of threat or adversity have lifelong negative consequences |
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Predictive adapative model |
Certain stressful conditions experienced in the uterus could have an adaptive advantage if faced with stress later in life
Could also put organism at increased risk for disease. If post natal enviorment is favorable. |
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Kangaroo care |
Skin to skin contact |
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Severe malnutrition risk |
Stunted growth |
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Tobacco risk on child |
Miscarriage Retardation Respiratory |
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Alcohol risk |
Small head Facial deformities |
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Aids risk |
Can pass through placenta |
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Lead risk |
Smaller when born More likely for preterm birth |
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Critical period risk |
Dosage and exposure Genetic make up Enviorment (pre/post natal) |
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Factors effecting fetus |
Maternal age Emotional state Nutrition Fathers emotional state |
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Maternal age risk |
Trouble getting pregnant Miscarriage Low birth rate |
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Emotional state |
Lead to faster irregular heart rate Low birth rate More active Greater fearfullness as a child |
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Nutritional effect |
Cognitive deficits Risk for adult disease (hypertension, schizophrenia, diabetes) |
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Fathers state |
Can influence sperm. Radition exposure, anesthesia, Pesticides Can cause deficits in children. |
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