Psy 321 Exam 4

Front 1

covariance/covariation

Back 1

means the value of one variable is associated with the value of another variable

Front 2

ceiling effect

Back 2

a measurement cannot take on a value higher than some limit or "ceiling", which is imposed not by the phenomenon being measured, but by the finite nature of the measuring instrument

Front 3

floor effect

Back 3

refers to when data cannot take on a value lower than some particular number, called the "floor"

Front 4

carryover

Back 4

occurs when a treatment remains in effect when another treatment is given

Front 5

Examples of "carryover"

Back 5

-Drinking red wine before white wine changes the response
-A drug does not completely wear off before another treatment is given

Front 6

spillover

Back 6

occurs when a treatment "spills over" into another treatment that is administered nearby

Front 7

Examples of "spillover"

Back 7

-Water flows from one plot of land to another
-Patients in a ward share drugs
- Students copy during an exam (or experiment)

Front 8

Validity

Back 8

the extent to which a conclusion logically follows the premises

Front 9

Internal Validity

Back 9

the extent to which it shows a cause-effect relationship between the independent and dependent variable

Front 10

External Validity

Back 10

addresses the ability to generalize your study to other people and other situations; application of outcome logically follows the method

Front 11

Construct Validity

Back 11

degree to which the constructs allow us to conclude what we concluded

Front 12

Statistical Conclusion Validity

Back 12

the extent to which the conclusions drawn by the researcher logically follow from the statistical test he/she employed

Front 13

Name the six sources of internal validity

Back 13

-History (Local or Global)
-Maturation
-Mortality or Attrition
-Instrumentation
-Testing
-Regression

Front 14

Threat: History

Back 14

changes in the environment

Front 15

Threat: Local History

Back 15

Refers to the environmental effects that are closely linked to the administration of the treatment itself

Front 16

Threat: Global History

Back 16

Refers to the relatively gradual changes in the subject's world or to major events in his/her environment that coincide with treatment by chance

Front 17

Threat: Maturation

Back 17

over time, changes may occur within the subject for reasons unrelated to treatment and may confound the comparison

Front 18

Example: Threat: Maturation

Back 18

non living: radioactive decay of substance; rust

living: aging or growth; hunger; boredomg

Front 19

Threat: Mortality or Attrition

Back 19

subjects may be unavailable for measurement at posttest or observations may be lost or ruined

Front 20

Example: Threat: Mortality or Attrition

Back 20

-patients who think they've been cured or helped leave treatment program
-students who are failing drop a course
-treatment may kill a subject

Front 21

Threat: Instrumentation

Back 21

change in the observer or measuring instrument may confound the comparison

nonliving: spring in scale may weaken
living: instructor shifts grading methods

Front 22

Threat: Testing

Back 22

the acts of observation may itself change the subject so that subsequent observations would be different with or without treatment

Ex: answering ques on an attitude scale may change attitudes

Front 23

Threat: Regression

Back 23

when the experimenter selects a time when a response is unusually high (or low, stable, etc), relative to a long term average, the response will ten to change in the direction of its average

Ex: aspirin when a headache occurs

Front 24

Placebo Effect

Back 24

the tendency for a participant to behave according to what they expect the treatment to do

Front 25

Participant Bias

Back 25

the tendency of subjects to behave differently than they would if they were not participating in a study

Front 26

Experimenter Bias

Back 26

refers to any effects the experimenters themselves may have on the outcome of a study

Front 27

Experimenter Effects

Back 27

occurs when a characteristic of the researcher influences the behavior of the participant

Ex: gender/lab coat

Front 28

Compensatory Equalization

Back 28

occurs when the researcher offers or provides additional treatment to those in the control or "inferior" group

Front 29

Compensatory Rivalry

Back 29

occurs when the participant is made aware that he/she is in the control group or that they have been given the treatment that is expected to result in poorer performance; increased effort

Front 30

Resentful Demoralization

Back 30

related to compensatory rivalry; instead, participant's reaction is to give up or behave as expected with poor performance

Front 31

Factorial

Back 31

experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors

Front 32

Main Effect

Back 32

the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaging across the levels of any other independent variables

Front 33

Interaction

Back 33

when the effect of one IV depends on the level of another IV

Front 34

Simple Effect

Back 34

the effect at a single level of another variable. Often simple effects are computed following a significant interaction

Front 35

Counterbalancing

Back 35

Experiments conducted with a counterbalanced measures design are one of the best ways to avoid the pitfalls of standard repeated measures designs, where the subjects are exposed to all of the treatments

Front 36

Between Subjects

Back 36

each participant participates in one and only one group
(bayer or tylenol, NOT both)

Front 37

Within Subjects

Back 37

type of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition (before/after, etc)

Front 38

Type I Error

Back 38

report of an effect that does not exist

Front 39

Type II Error

Back 39

failure to detect an effect

Front 40

Threats to External Validity

Back 40

incorrect generalization (people, places, or times)