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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypothesis |
a formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables that is logically derived from the theory |
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hypothesis testing |
from observations, knowledge about previous theory and research, and careful speculation, researchers generate hypotheses about why people behave the way they do. Then using experimental methods, they collect data to see if their explanations about human behavior are correct |
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operational definitions |
represents a researcher's specific decision about how to measure or manipulate the conceptual variable Ex: sleep deprivation --> being without sleep for a week |
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case study |
an in-depth examination of one person or one group |
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disadvantages of a case study |
-problem of generalizing from a single individual to other people -problem of determining cause and effect -investigator's subjective judgements could interfere |
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advantages of a case study |
-other research studies might not be as good -appropriate to illustrate a treatment -appropriate to demonstrate possibilities -appropriate when examining a rare case |
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when should correlational studies be used? |
when one wants to examine the relationship between 2 variables, across a number of people |
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statistical significance |
the likelihood that a research finding represents a genuine effect rather than a chance fluctuation of measurement |
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directionality problem |
this refers to the possibility that variables could be causing one another to have effects |
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third-variable problem |
this refers to the possibility that a third variable could be causing other variables to have effects |
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main advantage of experiments over correlation |
experiments can investigate cause and effect when correlations cannot |
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3 key components of an experiment |
-pre-posttest design -treatment and control group -random assignment |
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random assignment |
the practice of assigning participants to treatment so each person has an equal chance of being in any condition |
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control group |
composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment |
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mixed design |
a mixed factorial design in an experimental design with two independent variables in which participants are randomly assigned to different levels of one independent variable and participate in all levels of the other independent variable |
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reliability |
the extent to which a test measures consistently |
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internal consistency |
a test is internally consistent when all the items on the test measure the same thing |
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test-retest |
researchers first administer the test to a large number of people, then the same people retake the test. Both the scores are then correlated |
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interrater |
used to assess the degree to which different raters agree in their assessment decisions |
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validity |
refers to a test measuring what it is designed to measure |
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face validity |
a simple form of validity in which researchers determine if the test seems to measure what it's supposed to measure |
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construct validity |
approximate truth of the conclusion that your operationalization accurately reflect of its construct |
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criterion-related validity |
is used to predict future or current performance, correlates test results with another criterion of interest |
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convergent validity |
the extent to which scores from the test correlate with other measures of the same construct |
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discriminant validity |
refers to the extent to which a test score does not correlate with the scores of theoretically unrelated measures |
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response sets |
readiness to answer in a certain way |
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acquiscence |
responding yes to a questionnaire |
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extreme scores |
zero to perfect scores |
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social desirability |
participants answer in a way that makes them look socially desirable but not truthful |
