Psy 250 Chapter 7

Front 1

What are the first emotions to appear in infants?

Back 1

There is pleasure and pain They are happy and relaxed when fed and going to sleep. They cry when they are hurt, hungry, tired, or frightened.

Front 2

What experiences trigger anger and sadness in infants?

Back 2

Anger is triggered by frustration, such as when infants are prevented from moving or grabbing. Sadness indicates withdrawal, can be from repressed anger.

Front 3

What do typical 1-year-olds fear?

Back 3

Strangers, and anything unexpected. From the flush of a toilet to the pop of a jack-in-the-box, from closing elevator doors to the tail-wagging approach of a dog.

Front 4

How do emotions differ between the first and second year of life?

Back 4

Anger and fear become less frequent but more focused, targeted toward infuriating or terrifying experiences. Similarly, laughing and crying are louder and more discriminating.

They have new toddler emotions: pride, shame, embarrassment, disgust, and guilt.

Front 5

How do family interactions and culture shape a toddler's emotions?

Back 5

North American parents encourage toddler pride, but Asian families typically discourage pride. They cultivate modesty and shame. Also many express disgust at touching a dead animal.

Front 6

What is known and unknown about the impact of brain maturation on emotions?

Back 6

The social smile and laughter appears as the cortex appears. Its difficult to measure how an infant's brain is molded by their context.

Front 7

How are memory and emotion connected?

Back 7

With repeated experience, the neurons that fire together become more closely and quickly connected to each other.

Front 8

How does stress affect early brain development?

Back 8

The hypothalamus grows more slowly if an infant is often frightened.

Front 9

How might synchrony affect early emotional development?

Back 9

It is a powerful learning experience for the new human. In every episode, infants read others' emotions and develop social skills, such as taking turns and watching expressions.

Front 10

Give examples of how infants and caregivers demonstrate proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors.

Back 10

Proximity-seeking is evident when a baby cries if the mother closes the door when she goes to the bathroom or if a back-facing car seat prevents the baby from seeing the parent.

Front 11

What can be done to improve the parent-child bond for high-risk parents?

Back 11

Having skilled professionals come to the home to nurture relationships between infant and caregiver. Or adoptive parents.

Front 12

How is social referencing important in infancy?

Back 12

They develop a taste for food, they use social cues to understand the difference between real and pretend eating, as well as to understand toys, emotions, and activities are encouraged or forbidden.

Front 13

How does father involvement affect infants?

Back 13

Synchrony, attachment, and social references are sometimes more apparent with fathers than with mothers. Fathers elicit more smiles and laughter from their infants than mothers do. Can teach infants appropriate expressions of emotion.

Front 14

What might happen if a person is stuck in the oral or anal stage of development?

Back 14

It may lead to an oral fixation. As an adult he or she eats, drinks, chews, bites, or talks excessively, still seeking the mouth-related pleasures of infancy. An anal personality is an adult who seeks self-control, with an unusually strong need for regularity and cleanliness in all aspects of life.

Front 15

How might the crisis of "trust versus mistrust" affect later life?

Back 15

If social interaction inspires trust, the child confidently explores the social world. May create adults who are suspicious and pessimistic (mistrusting).

Front 16

How might the crisis of "autonomy versus shame and doubt" affect later life?

Back 16

Without it, they feel ashamed and doubtful. Easily ashamed.

Front 17

How do behaviorists explain the development of emotions and personality?

Back 17

Emotions and personality are mold as parents reinforce or punish a child.

Front 18

Why does the concept of a "working model" arise from cognitive theory?

Back 18

An infant's early experiences themselves are not necessarily pivotal, but the interpretation of those experiences. People can rethink and reorganize their thoughts, developing new models.

Front 19

According to humanism, how might caregivers' own needs affect their response to an infant?

Back 19

Self-actualized people no longer demand their children's love and respect, so they can guide an infant well even if the child is momentarily angry. Most young parents are seeking love or respect. Their own babyhood experiences includes unmet needs, and their early distress interferes with their ability to nurture the next generation.

Front 20

How does evolution explain the parent-child bond?

Back 20

They are extremely dependent on parents so they must attract parents to take care of them.

Front 21

Why is allocare necessary for survival of the human species?

Back 21

Because if women raised children on they're own they would have only 1-2 children which is not enough to keep the species going.