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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.


a. perception of a repeated stimulus fades


b.every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light


c. the speed of action potentials varies depending on thestrength of the stimulus


d. any stimulation above the threshold produces an actionpotential

b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basisfor color vision?


a. a different receptor for each color


b.three kinds of cones


c. a single receptor that produces different responses foreach color


d. the combined influences of rods and cones

b. three kinds of cones

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fitbest, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fitbest.


a. opponent process; volley


b. volley; trichromatic


c. opponent process; trichromatic


d.trichromatic; opponent process

d. trichromatic; opponent process

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes tothe ____.


a. retina


b.primary visual cortex


c. thalamus


d. hypothalamus

b. primary visual cortex

Vibrations in the fluid of the cochlea causes ____. a. movement of the pinna


b.hair cells to displace


c. vibrations of the eardrum


d. vestibular input

b. hair cells to displace

How do sound waves ultimately result in the production ofreceptor potentials?


a. The tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve.


b. The basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters.


c.Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in theirmembrane.


d. The scala vestibuli has receptors that create actionpotentials.

c. Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane.

Damage to V1 produces ____ and damage to A1 produces ____.


a. blindness; complete deafness


b. complete deafness; blindness


c.blindness; deafness to complex sounds


d. blindness; ringing in the ears

c. blindness; deafness to complex sounds

What is the major problem for the frequency theory of soundperception?


a. It cannot account for perception of low pitch sounds.


b. It cannot account for perception of low amplitude sounds.


c. It requires the cochlea to vibrate, and it does not.


d.It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.

d. It requires that neurons respond as quickly than they are able to do.

The sensory aspect of pain activates the ____ cortex,whereas the emotional aspect activates the ____ cortex.


a. cingulate; somatosensory


b.somatosensory; cingulate


c. fusiform; premotor


d. premotor; fusiform

b. somatosensory; cingulate

Morphine and other opiate drugs decrease sensitivity to painby ____.


a. depleting substance P from parts of the nervous system


b.mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses


c. preventing sodium from crossing the membrane


d. altering blood flow to various parts of the nervoussystem

b. mimicking the effects of endorphins at the synapses

11. Dreams only occur during REM sleep. a. True b. False

b. False

12. After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body____.


a. cannot generate biological rhythms


b. still has rhythms in synchrony with environmentalpatterns of light and dark


c.still has rhythms, but they are less consistent


d. still has rhythms, but they can only be reset byartificial light

c. still has rhythms, but they are less consistent

What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythmis phase-delayed?


a. waking up frequently during the night


b. having problems going to sleep after losing your job


c.difficulty falling asleep


d. not breathing during the night

c. difficulty falling asleep

What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleepthat are difficult to distinguish from reality?


a.hypnagogic hallucinations


b. idiopathic hallucinations


c. occipital illusions


d. pseudo-psychedelic visions

a. hypnagogic hallucinations

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what dodreams reflect?


a.the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity


b. unconscious motivations and emotions


c. experiences that have been part of the species'evolutionary history


d. an imbalance among hormone levels

a. the brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

16. When faced with moral dilemmas involving killing oneperson to save five others, ____.


a. people with the weakest autonomic arousal are the leastlikely to make the “logical” decision to kill one and save five others


b.people with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the“logical” decision to kill one and save five others


c. people with the strongest somatic arousal are the leastlikely to make the “logical” decision to kill one and save five others


d. people with the weakest somatic arousal are the leastlikely to make the “logical” decision to kill one and save five others

b. people with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the “logical” decision to kill one and save five others

To measure fear or anxiety in both humans and nonhumans,researchers measure variations in an individual’s ____.


a. rate of eyelid blinking


b. attention to a flickering light


c. salivary reflex


d.startle reflex

d. startle reflex

Why do individuals with prefrontal cortex damage often makebad decisions?


a. They can't understand complexly worded questions.


b.They don't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes.


c. They conform readily to whatever other people are doing.


d. They can’t predict the consequences of one decision oranother.

b. They don't anticipate the unpleasantness of likely outcomes.

A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOAto the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied fromsmall to great, depending on what?


a. whether the person lived in a large or small town


b. whether the person lived alone or with others c.whether the person was maltreated during childhood


d. whether the person’s diet was high or low in fats andcarbohydrates

c. whether the person was maltreated during childhood

The immune system's way of telling the brain that the bodyis ill is by way of ____.


a. macrophages


b. cytotoxic cells


c.cytokines


d. natural killer cells

c. cytokines

Occasional brief periods of stress:


A. are harmful to anorganism


B. are harmful if the emotion is anger


C. boost the activity of the immune system D. direct energy awayfrom the synthesis of proteins

C. boost the activity of the immune system

Alpha waves are characterized by whatkind of activity


a. nightmares


B. NREM sleep.


C. periods of great excitement


D. Relaxed wave fullness

B. NREM sleep.

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without anytime cues, your circadian rhythm would:


a. decrease over time


b. remainrelatively stable


c. increase dramatically over time


d. cease to exist

b. remain relatively stable

The sensory aspect of pain activates ____ cortex the emotionalaspect of pain activates ____cortex

somatasensory, cingulate

How do sound waves ultimately result inthe production of receptor potentials?

Hair cells in the cochlea are rhythmically displaced, causing ion channels to open in their membrane

In the human retina receptors messagesgo from the back of the eye to which cells? Bipolar cells

bipolar cells

What is unusual about olfactoryreceptors compared to most other mature mammalian neurons?

They are replaceable when old neurons die

What sound characteristic can becompared between the two ears to locate the source of the sound?

Loudness and timing

Which theory can best explain whypeople that are wearing yellow colored glasses can still identify the greenapple?


a. Trichromatic


b. Opponent-Process


c. Kodak theory


d. Retinex theory

d. Retinex theory

The group of the forebrain structurethat are critical for emotion:

LIMBIC

A search for happiness center in thebrain is unlikely to be successful because

D. they vary considerably because you cant locate exactly

Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympatheticnervous system arousal?


a. prosopagnosia


b. locked-in syndrome


c. pure autonomic failure


d. panic disorder

d. panic disorder

When you have color vision deviancywhat are the trouble colors?

red and green

Where do ofactory receptors carry theirmessages to where?

Ofactory bulbs

Findings from people with pureautonomic failure suggest that

autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion

Why does the phobia provide theclearest most detailed visual information (rods and cones)

Tightly packed with receptors

Which lobe does auditory informationgets sent

(temporal lobe)

Activity in the lefthemisphere is associated with:a. decreased emotional experiences.


b. fear, but not other emotions.


c. behavioral activation.


d. behavioral inhibition.

c. behavioral activation.

Know what three bones responsible for(ear) small bone connect to the oval window

Convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure

What does the pinual gland release toinfluence circadian and rhythms

Melatonin melanopsis

EEG waves are larger when brainactivity decreased because


blood flow increasing


neurons desynconize


neurons becoming more synchronized

neurons becoming more synchronized

Acceleration of the head at any anglecauses ____

the jelly like substances push against the hair cells which cause you to feel your balance

If you’re a supertaster _______

you are more sensitive than the average person