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120 Cards in this Set
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A basic set of principles that help us organize our observations in order to understand and predict human development is called a(n) |
Theory |
A) Hypothesis B) Operationalization C) Theory D) Dynamic system |
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As children grow, they become taller and heavier. This is a(n) |
Quantitative change in development |
A) Quantitative change in development B) Qualitative change in development C) Accumulative change in development D) Transactive change in development |
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Freud believed that the key to healthy psychological functioning involved |
uncovering the thoughts in the unconscious mind that were associated with the psychological symptoms of the person's problem |
A) children directly confronting their parents about their perceived mistreatment when they were young B) releasing inhibitions and given free reign to the demands of the id C) uncovering the thoughts in the unconscious mind that were associated with the psychological symptoms of the person's problem D) slowly being desensitized to stimuli that are provoking anxiety |
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Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails |
is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy |
A) is trying to repress her aggressive urges B) is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy C) has not resolved his or her issues with the same-sex parent D) is stuck in the latency stage of development |
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John Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to demonstrate |
how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant |
A) that infants could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell B) how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant C) that reinforcement was more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment D) how quickly responses can be learned and then unlearned |
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Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that |
people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe |
A) reinforcement is more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment B) only involuntary responses can be classically conditioned C) shaping is an effective way to learn a new behavior D) people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe |
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Which of the following is how Piaget would describe children? |
They are like little scientists who actively experiment on their world |
A) They are like little sponges that absorb any new information they encounter B) They are like little computers who take in information and spit it out again C) They are like little teachers who want to tell everyone what they would know D) They are like little scientists who actively experiment on their world |
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One of the ways in which Vygotsky differs from Piaget in his view of how children learn is that Vygotsky |
places more emphasis on the role of culture and the social world in cognitive development |
A) places more emphasis on the role of culture and the social world in cognitive development B) portrays children as individual learners who are focused on mastering their wold C) believes that all learning is based upon the principles of classical and operant conditioning D) sees children as imitators of what they see other people doing |
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As a result of our growing understanding of how both the brain and genes function, we now recognize that |
biology has an impact on behavior, but the environment also affects our biological functioing |
A) biology has an impact on behavior, but the environment also affects our biological functioning B) all of the different aspects of development interact and affect each other over time C) the "close in" environments have a greater impact on the development than the more distal environments D) dominant genes are a more powerful influence on brain development than recessive genes |
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Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual |
not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development. |
A) as an autonomous individual who has the free will to make independent choices B) as someone who primarily responds to biological processes that he can't control C) not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development D) as a member of a specific culture that dictates the person's attitudes, values and beliefs. |
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A researcher interested in children's beliefs about Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny begins each interview with the same question, but the subsequent questions are determined by each child's answers. This is an example of a |
Clinical interview |
A) Clinical interview B) Data questionnaire C) Structured interview D) Case study |
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Dr. Less is interested in children's naturally occurring reactions to stressful medical procedures so he observes children as they receive inoculations (shots). This is an example of |
a naturalistic observation |
A) event sampling B) an experimental design C) Time sampling D) a naturalistic observation |
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One of the disadvantages of using surveys to conduct research is that |
respondents may not be able to accurately recall and report on the behavior covered by the survey |
A) respondents may not be able to accurately recall and report on the behavior covered by the survey. B) It is a very expensive and time-intensive method of collecting data C) the researcher must develop norms for the responses and update these norms periodically D) the researcher must be sure that the groups of participants who answer the questions are comparable in as many ways as possible |
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Professor Tyrone is interested in studying how the use of media (such as having the television on, answering text messages, or listening to an iPod) affects students ability to study for their courses. It would be better if she got permission to look up the students' grade point average than to simply ask the students to self-report their grade point average because |
they might not correctly report their grade point average in an attempt to make themselves look better to the researcher |
A) they might not correctly report their grade point average in an attempt to make themselves look better to the researcher B) students don't pay much attention to grades, so many may not have this information in their memory C) grade point averages change so frequently that it is difficult for students to accurately recall what it is D) it won't be clear to students what information Professor Taylor is looking for when she asks about their grade point average |
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A disadvantage of using physiological measures in research on infants and young children is that |
it requires expensive and sophisticated equipment |
A) it requires expensive and sophisticated equipment B) These measures cannot be used with children who are too young to understand and follow complicated instruction C) The procedures are invasive and painful so parents don't want to consent to them D) They can give us a static picture of brain structure, but not brain functioning |
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Case studies are often used to study |
individuals who are exceptional in some way |
A) individuals who are exceptional in some way B) large, representative groups of individuals C) group differences D) retrospective recall |
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Professor Pedagogy's research shows that participation in extracurricular activities is correlated with grades in school. Based on this study's findings, what can Professor Pedagogy conclude? |
participation in extracurricular activities is related to grades |
A) participation in extracurricular activities causes grade differences B) grades cause differences in participation in extracurricular activities C) participation in extracurricular activities is related to grades D) a third variable, such as intelligence, is causing both participation in extracurricular activities and grade differences |
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Dr. Leguzamo is interest in weight loss methods. He recruits 120 overweight adolescents and randomly assigns them to one of three treatment groups--one group will take a daily diet pill, one group will be placed on a low carbohydrate diet, and one group will participate in an exercise boot camp. The independent variable is _________ and the dependent variable is ________. |
treatment type; weight loss |
A) Overweight participants; weight loss B) Weight loss; treatment type C) treatment type; weight loss D) the daily diet pill; overweight participants |
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In an experiment, the difference between the experimental group and the control group is that |
the experimental group gets the special treatment that the researcher is studying and the control group doesn't |
A) the experimental group is always larger than the control group B) the control group knows what is being tested in the experiment, but the experimental group is "blind" to the purpose of it. C) the experimental group gets the special treatment that the researcher is studying and the control group doesn't. D) the control group is always tested before the experimental group is |
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A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that |
factors affecting individual differences cannot be explored |
A) age-related changes cannot be examined B) selective attrition often limits the generalization of findings C) factors affecting individual differences cannot be explored D) practice effects often compromise internal validity |
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We know that both nature and nurture play a role in development, but today we are most interested in understanding |
how genes are expressed through the constant interaction with the environment |
A) whether nature or nurture is more important B) how much of our development can be attributed to nature and how much to nurture C) whether nature or nurture comes first in development D) how genes are expressed through the constant interaction with the environment |
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If a fertilized egg begins to divide and multiply, and early in the process the ball of cells splits into two, the woman will have |
monozygotic twins |
A) dizygotic twins B) twins with missing arms or legs C) twins with down syndrome D) monozygotic twins |
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When we say that a child looks just like his father, we are referring to the child's |
phenotype |
A) phenotype B) genotype C) karotype D) monotype |
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Conditions such as depression, alcoholism, or schizophrenia |
have some genetic basis, but each results from the interaction of many genes with environmental influences |
A) have some genetic basis, but each results from the interaction of many genes with environmental influences B) are the result of dominant and recessive genes intermingling C) are dominant gene disorders that are more common in men than in women D) can be identified through prenatal genetic testing |
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A parent who suffers from a mental disorder may also provide a dysfunctional family environment for his or her children. In this case we would describe the genes for the disorder as |
passive |
A) passive B) active C) reactive D) evocative |
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Behavioral genetics involves research designed to |
describe the genetic basis for behaviors |
A) identify genetic abnormalities before birth
B) study genes at the molecular level C) describe the genetic basis for behaviors D) map the genes in the human genome |
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Dizygotic (or fraternal) twins are |
no more genetically similar than any pair of siblings |
A) no more genetically similar than any pair of siblings B) the result of a single fertilized egg dividing into two early in development C) always the same gender D) the result of two sperm fertilizing the same egg |
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All of a person's genes comprise the person's _______ and how these genes are expressed in the person's appearance or characteristics is the person's _________. |
genotype; phenotype |
A) phenotype; karotype B) karotype; genotype C) genotype; phenotype D) recessive type; dominant type |
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One of the types of studies that has been used by behavioral genetics to determine the relative influence of genes and the environment is |
comparisons of identical and fraternal twins |
A) gene mapping B) comparisons of identical and fraternal twins C) dominant and recessive gene interactions D) multifactorial inheritance analysis |
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A concordance rate allows us to look at the |
similarity between an adopted child and the child's biological and adoptive parents |
A) similarity between an adopted child and the child's biological and adoptive parents B) likelihood that a recessive gene will be expressed in a child's phenotype C) degree to which the expression of genes is determined by a particular environment D) transmission of genetic traits across multiple generations |
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The first stage of prenatal development is the |
germinal stage |
A) embryonic stage B) fetal stage C) germinal stage D) conceptual stage |
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The __________ stage of prenatal development lasts from about 2 weeks post-conception to two months |
embryonic |
A) germinal B) embryonic C) fetal D) placental |
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The most common cause of miscarriage is |
genetic abnormalities |
A) genetic abnormalities B) poor maternal diet C) maternal smoking D) maternal drinking |
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The effects of maternal drinking during a pregnancy |
are permanent and irreversible |
A) are permanent and irreversible B) reversible if the mother stops drinking at some point in the pregnancy C) are reduced if the mother only drinks heavily during the early part of her pregnancy D) are reduced if the mother only drinks beer or wine, but not hard liquor |
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It is normal for a newborn to |
sleep 16 to 18 hours out of each day and to wake to eat every 3 to 4 hours |
A) sleep 10 to 12 hours a day, with almost all of the sleep time spent in REM sleep B) wake every 6 to 8 hours to be fed and to sleep through the night by 3 months of age C) spend most of their sleep time in deep sleep, with little or no REM sleep D) sleep 16 to 18 hours out of each day and to wake to eat every 3 to 4 hours |
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A prematurity stereotype is |
a stereotypically negative view of a premature infant that results in parents or others lowering their expectations for the child |
A) beneficial to premature infants because we expect very little from them, and this is appropriate for their development level B) a stereotypically negative view of a premature infant that results in parents or others lowering their expectations for the child C) the belief that premature infants who survive are especially graced, and should be treated with deference and respect D) the ideal that premature infants need to be "toughened up" so you should demand even more from them than a full-term infant |
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For a diagnosis of postpartum depression |
the symptoms must be severe enough that they interfere with the woman's ability to function |
A) the symptoms must appear in the first month following the birth B) the symptoms must be severe enough that they interfere with the woman's ability to function C) the woman must experience mood swings, loss of appetite, and trouble sleeping D) the symptoms must last for more than 6 months before the woman is treated |
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Which of the following is NOT a research methodology for studying infant perception |
FMRI |
A) habituation B) FMRI C) preference D) conditioning |
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At 6 months of age, infants can see |
20/100 |
A) nothing, they are still blind B) 20/600 C) 20/100 D) as well as adults |
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Which of the following infant abilities is the easiest to study? |
motor abilities |
A) sensation abilities B) motor abilities C) perceptual abilities D) these are all equally easy to study |
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One of the basic principles in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is that |
the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought process |
A) the mistakes that children make in their reasoning are meaningful because they indicate the nature of the child's current thought process B) a child's surprise when one of their expectations is violated is the best measure of their level of cognitive development C) the strongest influence on the way we think about and understand the world is the social world in which we live. D) children must develop metacognitive functions before they can reason accurately about the world |
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In Piaget's theory, fitting new information into an existing cognitive scheme is the process of |
assimilation |
A) information processing B) centration C) assimilation D) accomodation |
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When we encounter a new experience that does not fit into any of our cognitive schemes, Piaget would say that |
it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable |
A) it throws us into a state of disequilibrium which feels uncomfortable B) we ignore the information until we can develop the cognitive ability to understand it C) we observe how other people are reacting to the situation and copy their reactions D) we use transductive reasoning to try to make sense of the experience |
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In Piaget's theory, when you need to change the way you think about something in order to understand a new experience, you are engaging in the process of |
accomodation |
A) decentration B) scaffolding C) assimilation D) accommodation |
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The first stage of cognitive development in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the |
sensorimotor stage |
A) sensorimotor stage B) preoperational stage C) operational stage D) formal operations stage |
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When a young child grasps a toy, it is part of his experience and is real to him, but when he is not holding the toy, it doesn't exist for him anymore. Piaget says this is because young children do not have |
object permanence |
A) a circular reaction for objects B) object permanence C) conservation D) dialectic thinking |
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A characteristic of the peroperational stage of cognitive development is egocentrism which means that children in this stage |
cannot understand things from someone else's perspective |
A) are selfish and cannot be taught how to share with others B) cannot understand things from someone else's perspective C) believe that they are the best at doing everything they try to do D) they think that others should listen to what they have to say or what they want |
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The ability to think abstractly first appears during Piaget's stage of |
formal operations |
A) concrete operations B) formal operations C) postformal operations D) dialectical operations |
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Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's theory in that |
Vyotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others |
A) Piaget's theory portrays children's cognitive development as occurring much more rapidly B) Vyotsky saw cognitive development as based upon the child's social interaction with others C) Piaget saw children as being dependent on others for the learning that occurs D) Vygotsky portrays children's cognitive development as developing in a single predictable way |
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The most effective treatment approach for children with ADHD is |
a comprehensive approach that brings together several different types of interventions |
A) the use of traditional psychotherapy B) the use of anti-depressant medications C) the use of various dietary modifications D) a comprehensive approach that brings together several different types of interventions |
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One of the problems with agreeing on a definition of intelligence is |
deciding if intelligence is one ability or many different ones |
A) deciding if intelligence is one ability or many different ones B) getting the psychometrics to agree with the theorists C) separating what is fluid intelligence from what is crystallized intelligence D) agreeing upon the sample that will be used to develop the norms for a test |
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When Binet developed the first intelligence test, his goal was to |
measure a child's performance on tasks similar to those required in school and compare the child's performance to the performance of others of the same age |
A) measure a child's inherited abilities that we can then use to define "intelligence" B) identify all of the separate and independent abilities that we need to measure in order to have a valid way of assessing intelligence C) describe how divergent thinking and convergent thinking work together to determine intelligent behavior D) measure a child's performance on tasks similar to those required in school and compare the child's performance to the performance of others of the same age |
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Today an individual's score on an IQ test indicates |
how much an individual's score deviates from the average score of others of the same age |
A) the child's mental age, meaning that the child can do all of the things that a child of that age can do B) how much an individual's score deviates from the average score of others of the same age C) the ratio of the child's mental age to the child's chronological age D) the difference between what the child can do on her own and what she can do when she receives assistance |
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The Task Force established by the American Psychological Association to respond to the claims made in the book The Bell Curve that group differences in IQ are permanent and inheritable concluded that |
any observed group differences in IQ are more likely related to environmental issues than to inborn, genetic issues |
A) there is no reliable evidence that any group differences in IQ actually exist B) any observed group differences in IQ are more likely related to environmental issues than to inborn, genetic issues C) group differences are undoubtedly permanent, but it is less certain if they are inherited D) these two differences would disappear if we simply re-normed intelligence tests more frequently |
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The Flynn effect refers to the fact that |
there has been a gradual increase in the scores on intelligence tests over time |
A) the closer a genetic relationship between two individuals, the more similar their IQ scores are likely to be B) members from certain racial groups on average score lower on intelligence tests than other groups C) genes set the upper and lower limit for intelligence, but environment determines where within those limits an individual falls D) there has been a gradual increase in the scores on intelligence tests over time |
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One of the controversies that surrounds Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is whether |
the different types of intelligence are truly independent from each other |
A) there should be a stronger emphasis on abilities based on sensorimotor development B) the different types of intelligence are truly independent from each other C) these tests are useful for identifying children who are gifted or talented D) creative intelligences should not be considered a separate intelligence |
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The three types of intelligence in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence are |
analytical, creative, and practical intelligence |
A) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional intelligence B) linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence C) adaptive functioning, social competence, and linguistic intelligence D) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence |
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The Head Start program was designed to |
help economically disadvantaged children to enter school on par with more economically advantaged children |
A) provide the medical and dental services that economically disadvantaged children need B) provide additional resources to the public school system to benefit all children C) train mothers to work with their children in their own homes to teach pre-academic skills D) help economically disadvantaged children to enter school on par with more economically advantaged children |
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Recent longitudinal research that has followed children who attended Head Start programs has found that |
former Head Starts students had higher academic achievement, fewer grade retentions and were more likely to graduate from high school |
A) the effects of participation dissipate after the children leave the program, and after 5 years they look no different from children who did not participate B) most of the effects of participation dissipate after a few years, but the Head Start students continue to have better reading skills C) former Head Start students have more behavioral problems in school and as adolescents they were more likely to be involved in criminal behavior D) former Head Starts students had higher academic achievement, fewer grade retentions and were more likely to graduate from high school |
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If girls believe that the stereotype that girls are not good at math, when they need to test their abilities in math it can create anxiety that can actually hurt their performance. This is called |
stereotype threat |
A) a stereotype threat B) math anxiety C) a teacher expectation effect D) a math disability |
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If you were interested in how we learn the order of words, you would study |
syntax |
A) semantics B) pragmatics C) phonetics D) syntax |
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Phonology is the study of the |
sounds of a language |
A) sounds of a language B) meaning of words C) smallest segments of language with meaning D) parts of language |
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If you were interested in the meaning of words, you would study |
semantics |
A) phonology B) syntax C) morphemes D) semantics |
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A _________ is the smallest unit that has meaning in language |
morpheme |
A) morpheme B) phoneme C) syllable D) spectrum |
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A phoneme is |
the smallest distinct sound in a particular language |
A) the smallest distinct sound in a particular language B) one of the specific grammar rules in a language C) the smallest unit of meaning in a language D) the way we change the meaning of a word |
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Throughout our life, our language production |
always trails our language comprehension |
A) always trails our language comprehension B) always precedes our language comprehension C) develops in parallel with language comprehension D) usually trails language comprehension, but rarely might precede it |
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When children can learn a new word, sometimes only with one exposure, it is called |
fast mapping |
A) syntactic bootstrapping B) the whole object bias C) fast mapping D) statistical learning |
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Learning a second language at a young age makes it more likely that a child will |
not show a detectable accent |
A) be better at learning a third language in high school B) not show a detectable accent C) be less likely to learn to read in their first language on time D) be better at performing on standardized tests |
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Which of the following is the correct order of phoneme production in infants? |
crying, cooing, babbling, words |
A) babbling, cooing, crying, words B) crying, babbling, cooing, words C) crying, cooing, babbling, words D) crying, babbling, words, cooing |
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Which of the following is true, and as such is evidence that there is a "sensitive period" for our ability to learn language? |
second language learning children younger than 5 are better able to learn English grammar than second language learning adults |
A) there is no difference between a child and an adult's ability to relearn language after a brain injury to a language area B) second language learning children younger than 5 are better able to learn English grammar than second language learning adults C) we are equally able to comprehend and produce phonemes of all languages throughout our lives D) as adults, we are capable of becoming fluent in any new language |
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As we look at temperament through childhood and adolescence, based on research we could say that |
there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur |
A) there is a tendency for temperament to be stable over time, although smaller changes can occur B) temperament is a very unstable characteristic, especially during childhood C) there is seldom, if ever, any noticeable changes in temperament as children get older. D) if there is going to be a change in temperament, it is most likely going to occur during adolescence |
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Which of the following is not a type of temperament |
disinterested |
A) slow to warm up B) disinterested C) easy D) difficult |
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The difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorders is that |
conduct disorders are more serious and include violations of the rights of others and societal norms |
A) conduct disorders are easier to treat than oppositional defiant disorder C) oppositional defiant disorders usually do not need any intervention and go away on their own D) oppositional defiant disorders are associated with harm to others and the destruction of property |
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When a baby feels safe and secure in the presence of the caregiver to whom she is attached, she can |
use the caregiver as a secure base and begin exploring the environment |
A) work on her cognitive development, such as developing object permanence B) rely exclusively on that caregiver without the need to develop other secure attachments C) use the caregiver as a secure base and begin exploring the environment D) indiscriminately attach to any other people that the baby encounters |
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Harry Harlow's research with macaque monkeys raised with surrogate mothers led him to conclude that |
it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond |
A) it was contact comfort that created the mother-infant attachment bond B) forming an attachment depends upon reduction of the hunger drive C) attachment was unique to the human mother-infant relationship D) attachment was related to the resolution of the Oedipal complex in the mother-infant relationship |
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Separation anxiety appears in infants during the stage of |
clear-cut attachment |
A) preattachment B) attachment in the making C) clear-cut attachment D) goal-corrected partnership |
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The Strange Situation is a way to |
assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother |
A) determine whether a mother has bonded with her infant B) document the changes in an infant's emotional responsiveness C) measure the amount of guilt or shame an infant feels when she misbehaves D) assess the quality of an infant's attachment to his mother |
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When an infant has a secure attachment to a parent, the infant can |
venture away from the parent to explore the environment |
A) being developing the early stages of language B) work on individuating from the parent C) focus on cognitive development, such as developing object permanence D) venture away from the parent to explore the environment |
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The pattern of attachment called anxious avoidant attachment has been associated with a caregiver who is |
unresponsive to the needs to the infant |
A) intrusive or even may have been abusive B) unresponsive to the needs to the infant C) able to anticipate the infant's needs before the infant even signals what he needs D) overly responsive to the signals of the infant |
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Infants who are classified as __________ are unpredictable in the way they behave and show no coherent way of dealing with attachment issues |
disorganized/disoriented |
A) anxious avoidant B) disorganized/disoriented C) anxious ambivalent D) resistant |
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When a red mark is placed on the nose of a two-year-old and the child sees herself in a mirror, the child will react by touching her own nose when she |
understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her |
A) understands that the image in the mirror is a reflection of her B) frequently sees strange marks on her own face C) thinks there is a different child in the mirror D) knows that she can take the initiative to clean up her own face |
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According to James Marcia, before an adolescent can achieve an identity they must |
engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make |
A) find a mentor who will coach and guide them and build a social network
B) filter out information that does not interest them and focus only on one specific identity choice C) engage in a period of active explorations of their alternatives and make a personal commitment to the choice they make D) build a strong sense of their self-esteem and seek out activities that they enjoy and can succeed at |
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In Marcia's description of adolescent identity statuses, an adolescent who has not spent time thinking about her future and doesn't seem overly concerned about this would be in the identity status of |
identity diffusion |
A) identity diffusion B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) identity deferral |
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An adolescent who would be in James Marcia's stage of identity development called moratorium would be one who |
is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment |
A) is not thinking about her future identity and not very concerned about it B) is actively exploring alternatives for their future identity, even though they were not yet ready to make a commitment C) is wiling to accept an identity that someone else has chosen for them D) has actively searched for an identity and is fully ready to commit to one |
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In Phinney's theory of ethnic identity development, adolescents move from a stage of unexamined ethnic identity to |
an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescent's ethnicity |
A) accepting without question the attitudes and values of other members of the adolescent's ethnic group B) an active attempt to understand and explore the meaning of the adolescent's ethnicity C) a stage in which the adolescent actively reject his or her ethnic identity in favor of a majority identity D) a period of moratorium in which the adolescent does nothing with regard to developing an ethnic identity |
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According to social cognitive learning theory, children learn right from wrong |
by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or behave badly and imitating that behavior |
A) when they have the cognitive ability to take the perspective of another person B) as they develop a superego that embodies the moral expectations of their society C) by watching what happens to other people when they behave well or behave badly and imitating that behavior D) because they are reinforced for good things that they do and are punished for bad things |
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Kohlberg calls the stage of moral reasoning at which children are governed by self-interests and are motivated by rewards and punishment the |
preconventional stage |
A) preconventional stage B) the autonomous stage C) conventional stage D) mutual exchange stage |
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The highest stage of moral development in Kohlberg's theory is the |
postconventional level, at which people are guided by a set of universal principles |
A) conventional level, where people behave in accordance with society's expectations B) postconventional level, at which people are guided by a set of universal principles C) postformal level, where people believe that there are no moral rules to guide our behavior D) abstract level, at which people recognize that all moral rules are relative and there are no universals |
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An explanation for why cross-cultural research on moral development has not found that everyone reaches the highest stage of moral reasoning is that |
the measure of moral reasoning used in this research may be biased because it reflects Western and urban cultural values |
A) people in many cultures are reluctant to answer questions about hypothetical dilemmas B) the interviewers did not do a good job of making the participants comfortable before the interviews began C) the measure of moral reasoning used in this research may be biased because it reflects Western and urban cultural values D) the research frequently used interviewers who were from different ethnic backgrounds than the people they interviewed |
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If we look at how moral reasoning relates to moral behavior, we find that |
morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally |
A) morality is a personal trait, so a person's level of moral reasoning is reflected in their behavior across many situations B) people at lower levels of moral reasoning almost always reflect their level of reasoning in their behavior C) the level of reasoning and moral behavior is usually consistent for men, but there is more variability for women D) morality is more state-like than trait-like because many situational factors influence how likely it will be that we behave morally |
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In research that uses the false belief paradigm, the researcher |
tests to see if a child understands that someone else may believe something the child knows to be untrue |
A) repeatedly questions the child about something that did not really happen until the child has a false memory for the event B) tests to see if a child understands that someone else may believe something the child knows to be untrue C) tells the child that everyone believes something, and then asks the child whether he believes it also D) uses Piaget's three mountain task to determine whether the child understands that what she sees is not the same thing that a dolly at a different position sees |
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There is some evidence that children develop a theory of mind at a young age if their parents |
discuss emotions with the child |
A) give the child a lot of opportunities to make their own decisions B) are firm and consistent with their discipline C) read to the child a great deal D) discuss emotions with the child |
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Recursive thinking involves the ability to
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think about what others are thinking that you are thinking |
A) think about what others are thinking that you are thinking B) take the perspective of another person and understand their motivation C) understanding that when the shape of an object changes, the process can be reversed D) stop thinking about intrusive thoughts |
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Children can engage in pretend play and coordinate their play activities in a more cooperative way when they |
develop language |
A) develop language B) can engage in recursive thinking C) participate in joint attention D) can resist peer pressure |
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When children focus on their studies without any breaks |
they become less attentive to their studies |
A) Their academic achievement increases B) they become less attentive to their studies C) their classroom behavior improves D) their peer relationships are more positive |
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Piaget's cognitive level of play called "games with rules" does not appear until children are in the state of |
concrete operations |
A) formal operations B) preoperational stage C) concrete operations D) sensorimotor |
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The technique of sociometry is used to study |
peer acceptance |
A) peer acceptance B) the amount of trust in a friendship C) the similarity between friends D) the size and complexity of a social network |
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Peer rejection does not affect all rejected children in the same way because |
children differ in their sensitivity to rejection |
A) children differ in their sensitivity to rejection B) some children are physically rejected but others are socially rejected C) the status of "rejected" is very unstable so children don't remain in it for long enough for it to affect them D) being a rejected child is not much different than being a neglected child |
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The risk of an adolescent being subjected to peer pressure to behave in antisocial ways is greater when an adolescent |
is part of an antisocial peer group |
A) is part of an antisocial peer group B) has many younger friends C) lives in an urban community D) attends a private or parochial school |
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A review of research on the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs found that |
bullying programs on average reduce bullying by 20 to 23% |
A) all the different types of programs that have been used appear to be equally effective B) peer-based programs were more effective than other forms of programs C) short-term programs were just as effective as long-term ones D) bullying programs on average reduce bullying by 20 to 23% |
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Research that has compared children raised by gay or lesbian parents and children raised by heterosexual parents has found |
very few differences between them |
A) very few differences between them B) that children in homosexual families suffer from more depression C) that children in heterosexual families do better in school |
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Diana Baumrind's description of parenting styles is based upon two dimensions. These dimensions are |
acceptance/responsiveness and demaningness/control |
A) affection and discipline B) sensitivity/responsiveness and avoidance/rejection C) acceptance/responsiveness and demandingness/control D) openness and sensivity |
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Parents who have age-appropriate expectations upon their children, provide a rationale for their rules and expectations, are willing to listen to their children's point of view, and treat them with respect are classified by Baumrind as |
authoritative parents |
A) authoritarian parents B) authoritative parents C) permissive parents D) uninvolved or neglectful parents |
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Parents who have a great deal of warmth and affection toward their children, but have few, if any, rules and restrictions, and give their children an equal say in family decision making are classified by Baumrind as |
permissive parents |
A) authoritarian parents B) autoritative parents C) permissive parents D) uninvolved or neglectful parents |
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Parents who are classified as uninvolved or neglectful are ones who have |
no rules or limits for their children, are not emotionally connected to their children, and no not monitor or supervise their children |
A) no rules or limits for their children, are not emotionally connected to their children, and no not monitor or supervise their children B) warmth and acceptance in their relationship with their children but do not monitor or restrict their children's behavior C) age-appropriate expectations for their children but will not listen to their children's point of view D) a large number of rules for their children and are insensitive to the feelings of their children |
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An authoritative parenting style has been found to be effective in raising children who do will in school, are more self-reliant, and less anxious and depressed |
regardless of the child's ethnicity, socioeconomic class, or parents' marital status |
A) only for white middle class children B) only for children growing up in a collectivist culture C) only for girls D) regardless of the child's ethnicity, socioeconomic class, or parents' marital status |
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Which of Baumrind's parenting styles has been shown to have the most positive outcomes for children |
authoritative parents |
A) authoritarian parents B) authoritative parents C) permissive parents D) uninvolved or neglectful parents |
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Large-scale studies on the effect of birth order on personality characteristics |
have not consistently confirmed differences |
A) have found that first-born children are more conservative and conforming than later-born children B) have found that first-born children are more unconventional and rebellious than later-born children C) have found that first-born children are more socially skilled and popular than later-born children D) have not consistently confirmed differences |
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Which theory about parenting takes the position that parents have absolutely no effect on the socialization of children? |
Harris's group socialization theory |
A) Scarr's "good enough" parent theory B) Harris's group socialization theory C) Baumrind's theory of parenting style D) none of the above |
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What percentage of marriages end in divorce? |
all of the above |
A) 40-50% of first marriages B) 60-67% of second marriages C) 73-74% of third marriages D) all of the above |
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An event that is a relatively rare occurrence that few people need to deal with and which is overwhelming is called a |
non-normative stress |
A) catastrophic stress B) incidental stress C) normative stress D) non-normative stress |
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A recent study of how adolescents cope found that many of them |
had the ability to identify what would work for them, but instead relied on behaviors that just made them feel better |
A) had developed highly effective problem-focused coping skills B) denied that there were any situations that required that they use coping skills C) had the ability to identify what would work for them, but instead relied on behaviors that just made them feel better D) preferred to seek out the help and advice of friends when dealing with a difficult situation |
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Asthma, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, cancer, and HIV/AIDS are examples of |
chronic illnesses |
A) self-limiting illnesses B) acute illnesses C) chronic illnesses D) infectious diseases |
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Poverty has the most damaging effects on children who |
continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty in early childhood |
A) move into and out of poverty from time to time and those who experience poverty in middle childhood B) continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty in early childhood C) continually live in poverty and those who experience poverty during adolescence D) move into and out of poverty from time to time and those who experience poverty in adolescence |
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Parents who are dealing with the issues of living in poverty |
are more punitive and less worm toward their children |
A) are more punitive and less worm toward their children B) are more controlling but also more warm toward their children C) use more induction when talking with their children D) are more accepting of their children, regardless of the child's behavior |
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When the economic situation of a family living in poverty improves |
children's language skills, readiness for school, and social behaviors all improve |
A) it has little effect on the children if they are already old enough to go to school B) academic performance tends to improve, but problem behaviors usually increase C) children's language skills, readiness for school, and social behaviors all improve D) school grades and behavior improve, but the improvement is short-lived |
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In 2010, among the reports of child maltreatment |
almost 80% of these reports involved neglect |
A) almost 80% of these reports involved neglect B) services were provided to over 90% of the families C) the majority of the reports involved physical abuse D) the majority of the reports involved sexual abuse |
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__________ is negative behavior directed at people on the basis of their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or other factors |
discrimination |
A) racism B) a stereotype C) prejudice D) discrimination |
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Negative attitudes toward a particular racial group are |
prejudices |
A) discriminatory actions B) racism C) prejudices D) stereotypes |
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___________ is a condition which begins before the age of 18 in which the individual has many motor tics and at least one vocal tic (which may include swearing) |
Tourette's disorder |
A) Tourette's disorder B) schizophrenia C) a posttraumatic stress disorder D) a panic disorder |
