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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Experimenter Bias |
data collection and/or analyses affected by knowledge of, or vested interest in, desired outcome |
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Attrition/Mortality |
difference because more participants drop out ofone group than another |
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Level |
Condition in an experiment |
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Factor |
Independent Variable |
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Post-test only design |
subjects measured once, after the treatment(e.g., therapy and thenrating test); includes manipulation |
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Double-Blind Procedure |
neither experimenter nor subject knows which treatment condition subject is in |
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Within-Subjects Designs |
each subject receives every level of IV (at different times); compare each subject to oneself |
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External Validity |
How well do the findings generalize beyond the research environment |
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Regression to the mean |
extreme scores on an initial test become less extreme on a second test |
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History |
other,extraneous variables operating with treatment; only those occurring once IV has begun and operating prior to assessment (DV) |
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Participant Bias |
reacting differently than you would otherwise because you know that you are part of a study or believe you are receiving effective treatment |
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Single Factor Design |
both between-subjects and within-subjects designs |
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Reactivity |
difference due to participant aware of being measured/observed |
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Operational Definition |
define variable or construct in terms of the operation(s) used to measure (or produce) it |
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Single-Blind Procedure |
subject does not know the condition they are in; if you don’t know, it can’taffect your behavior |
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Maturation |
participants get older (in long-term/longitudinal studies) |
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Mundane Realism |
how similar is the lab setting to real-world settings |
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Experimental Method |
explicit (deliberate) manipulation of some variable (IV) |
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Artificiality |
deliberate; eliminates “real world” confounds; and these so is strength not weakness |
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Dependent Variable |
whatever the experimenter measures/records; value depends upon the level of the IV; usually plotted along the y-axis of a graph |
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Selection Bias |
AKA selection effects; effects that are found are due to initial group differences (prior to study) |
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Confounding Variable/Confound |
something else besides IV which systematically varies across groups |
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Cohort Effects/Generational Gap |
not just different in terms of maturation but also born into a differentworld/historical variables which produces experiential differences |
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Complete counterbalancing |
all possible sequences of conditions used equally often across subjects; counters progressive effects by balancing those effects equally across conditions |
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Construct Validity |
Are the operational definitions valid? |
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Matched Group Design |
special type of between-subjects design in which subjects equated (“matched”) on relevant variable prior to random assignment |
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Internal Validity |
the IV (and nothing else) was responsible for differences/changes in the DV |
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Generalizability |
how well research results reflect real-world processes |
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Ecological Validity/Setting Representativeness |
how well does the research setting reproduce the “real world" |
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Subject/Participant Representativeness |
subjects not randomly selected from population |
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Fatigue |
getting tired/wearing out with the effect of decreasing accuracy or making reaction times longer (doing worse) in the second condition |
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Independent Variable |
whatever the experimenter manipulates; must have at least 2 levels; suspected cause of some psychological phenomenon |
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Control |
what experimenter holds constant (not allowed to vary) or equates across conditions |
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Non-experimental/ Descriptive/ Observational Method |
no explicit manipulation of a variable; correlational not causal |
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Sequence/Order Effects |
experiencing one condition in a study affects performance in a subsequent condition; occurs in within-subjects designs |
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Testing |
repeated measurement causes observed change in performance |
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Pretest-Post Test Design Pre-post test Design Before-After Design |
subjects measured before and after the treatment(e.g., rating test, therapy, and a second rating test); includes manipulation and comparison |
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Between Subjects Design |
each subject receives only one level of IV; compare groups of subjects |
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Quasi/Pre-Experiments |
post-test only design and pretest-post test (pre-post/before-after) |
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Minimum Number of Levels Needed for an IV |
One |