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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ageism
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a prejudicail view that characterizes older adults in a negative way
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Atypical development
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development that deviates from the typical developmental pathway that is harmful to the person
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Cognitive domain
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changes in thinking, memorym and other intellectual skills
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cross-sectional design
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groups of people of different ages are compaired
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Ethnography
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a detailed description of a single culture
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Lifespan Perspective
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important changes occur throughtout the entire human lifespan and that these changes must be interpreted in terms of the culture and context in which they occur
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longitudinal design
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people in a single group are studied at different times in their lives
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maturation
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all peope are genetically programmed to do certain things at certain time. Todlers do not have to be taught how to walk they will do it on their own anyway
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Nature vs. Nurture
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debate about the relative contributions of biological processes and experiential factors to development
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physical domain
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changes in size, shape. and characteristics of the body
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qualitative change
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change in kind or type
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quantative change
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change in amount
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sequential design
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combines cross sectional and longitudinal examinations of development
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social domain
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changes that are associated with social skills and personalites
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Innate Goodness
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Philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau- claimed all humans have innate goodness. All human beings are naturally good and seek out experiences that help them grow. Children have everything in them they need to grow up to be moral adults.
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The Blank State
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Philosopher John Locke- Proposed that the mind of a child is a blank state. This suggests that adults can mold children into whatever they want them to be.
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Positive aspects of advanced age
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Paul Baltes ( Positive changes are also called plasticity )
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Inborn Biases
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Children are born with tendencies to respond in certain ways. (Babies come equipped with a set of apparently instinctive behaviors that entice others to care for them, including crying)
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Internal Models of Experience
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The effect of some experience depends not on any objective properties of the experience but rather on the individual’s interpretation. Interpretations of experience are not random or governed by temporary moods but rather are organized into models, which can be thought of as organized sets of assumptions about oneself or others.
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origins of delinquency
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Gerald Patterson-His studies show that parents who use poor discipline techniques and poor monitoring are more likely to have noncompliant children.
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Vulnerability and Resilience
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Garmezy-• Each child is born with certain vulnerabilities (physical, emotional, allergies etc.)
• Each child is also born with some protective factors such as high intelligence good physical coordination |
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psychanalytic theories
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developmental change happens because of the influence of internal drives and emotions on behavior
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libido
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intrinctual drive for physical pleasure present at birth and forming the motivating force behind virtually all human behavior
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id
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par of the personality that comprises a person's basic sexual and aggressive impulses contains the libido and motivates a person to seek pleasure and avoid pain
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ego
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the thinking element of personality
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superego
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part of personality that is the moral judge
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defense mechanisms
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strategies for reducing anxiety
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psychosexual stages
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five stages of personality development thru wich children move in a fixed sequence determined by maturation
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psychosocial stages
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Erickson's 8 stages of personality development in which inner instincts interact with outer cultural demands
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behaviorism
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behavior changes are caused by enviromental influences
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learning theories
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development results from an accumulation of experiences
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classical conditioning
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learning results from the association of stimuli
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operant conditioning
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liarning to repeat or stop behaviors because of their consquences
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reinforcement
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anything that follows a behavior and causes it to be repeated
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punishment
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anything that follows a behavior and causes it to stop
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extinction
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gradual eliminaltion of a behavior throught repeated nonreirnforcement
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shaping
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the reinforcement of intermediate steps until an individual learns a complex behavior
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observational learning/ modeling
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learning that resaults from seeing a model reinforced or punished for a behavior
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cognitive theories
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emphasize mental processes in development such as logic and memory
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scheme
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Piaget's theory- internal cognitive structure that provides an individual with a procedure to use in a specific circumstance
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assimilation
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process of using a scheme to make sense of an event or experience
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accommodation
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changing a scheme as a result of some new information
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equilibration
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process of balancing assimilation and accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment
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information-processing theory
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uses the computer as a model to explian how the mind manages information
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neo-piagetian theory
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approach that uses information-processing principles to explain the developmental stages identified by Piaget
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nativism
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human beings possess unique genetic traits that will be manifested in all members of the species, regardless of differences in enviroments
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ethology
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genetically determined survival behaviors presumed to have evolved throught natural selection
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sociobiology
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study of society using the methods and concepts of biology
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behavior genetics
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the study of the role of heredity in individual differences
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sociocultural theory
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Vygotsky's view that complex forms of thing have their origins in social interations rather than in an individual's private explorations
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ecological theory
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Bronfenbrenner- explains development in terms of relationship between individuals and their environments
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preconventional morality
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Kohlberg- the level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on authorities outside the self
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conventional morality
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Kohlberg- level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on rules of a group to which the person belongs
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postconventional morality
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Kohlberg- level of moral reasoning in which judgements are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society
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role-taking
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the ability to look at a situation from another person's perspective
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delinquency
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antisocial behavior that includes law-breaking
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eclecticism
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use of multiple theorectical perspectives to explain and study human development
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