Psy 201 Chapter 8

Front 1

memory

Back 1

the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

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encoding

Back 2

the processing of information into the memory system- for example by extracting meaning.

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storage

Back 3

the retention of encoded information over time

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retrieval

Back 4

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

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sensory memory

Back 5

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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short-term memory

Back 6

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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long- term memory

Back 7

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills and experiences.

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working memory

Back 8

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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automatic processing

Back 9

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

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effortful processing

Back 10

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

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rehearsal

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the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

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spacing effect

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the tendency for distributed study or practice to yeild better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

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serial position effect

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our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

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imagery

Back 14

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with
semantic encoding

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mnemonics

Back 15

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

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chunking

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organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

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iconic memory

Back 17

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture- image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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echoic memory

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a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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flashbulb memory

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a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

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amnesia

Back 21

the loss of memory

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implicit memory

Back 22

retention independent of conscious recollection

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explicit memory

Back 23

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

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hippocampus

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a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage

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recall

Back 25

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

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recognition

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a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test.

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relearning

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a memory measure that asseses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

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priming

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the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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deja vu

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that eerie sense that "ive experienced this before" cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

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mood-congruent memory

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the tendency to recall experiences that are consistant with one's current good or bad mood.

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proactive interference

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the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

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retroactive interference

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the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

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repression

Back 33

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings and memories.