Psy 201- Ch 6

Front 1

learning

Back 1

process of acquiring , through experience, new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Front 2

associative learning

Back 2

learning that certain events occur together -the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences

Front 3

stimulus

Back 3

any event or situation that evokes a response

Front 4

cognitive learning

Back 4

acquisition of mental info, whether by observing events, watching others, or through language

Front 5

classical conditioning

Back 5

type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Front 6

operant conditioning

Back 6

type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Front 7

neutral stimulus

(NS)

Back 7

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that evokes no response before conditioning

Front 8

unconditioned stimulus

(US)

Back 8

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR)

Front 9

unconditioned response

(UR)

Back 9

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Front 10

conditioned stimulus

(CS)

Back 10

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Front 11

conditioned response

(CR)

Back 11

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Front 12

acquisition

Back 12

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when we link a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Front 13

Quail tale

Back 13

research on Japanese quail shows how their capacity for classical conditioning gives them a reproductive edge

Front 14

extinction

Back 14

in classical conditioning , the weakening of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Front 15

spontaneous recovery

Back 15

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Front 16

generalization

Back 16

in classical conditioning, the tendency, after conditioning, to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus

Front 17

discrimination

Back 17

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Front 18

Pavlov's Experiments

Back 18

he and his associates explored five processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

Front 19

Skinner's experiments

Back 19

built on Thorndikes law of effect, developed to reveal principles of behavior control

Front 20

Thorndike's law of effect

Back 20

Rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated

Front 21

respondent behavior

Back 21

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Front 22

operant behavior

Back 22

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Front 23

reinforcement

Back 23

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Front 24

shaping

Back 24

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior

Front 25

positive reinforcement

Back 25

-increases behaviors by presenting positive stimuli

-anything that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Front 26

negative reinforcement

Back 26

-increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

-anything that, when removed after a response, strengthens a response

(not a punishment)

Front 27

primary reinforcers

Back 27

unlearned, innate, (often satisfies a biological need)

Front 28

conditioned reinforcers

Back 28

learned associations with primary reinforcers

(secondary reinforcers)

Front 29

immediate reinforcers

Back 29

immediate rewards

Front 30

delayed reinforcers

Back 30

delayed rewards

Front 31

reinforcement schedule

Back 31

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Front 32

continuous reinforcement

Back 32

reinforcing a desired response every time it occurs

Front 33

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Back 33

reinforcing a response only part of the time;

results in slower acquisition but greater resistance to extinction than continuous reinforcement

Front 34

fixed-ratio schedules

Back 34

reinforce behavior after a set number of responses

Front 35

variable-ratio schedules

Back 35

reinforce after an unpredictable number of responses

Front 36

fixed-interval schedules

Back 36

reinforce the first response after a fixed time period

Front 37

variable-interval schedules

Back 37

reinforcement after an unpredictable time period

Front 38

punishment

Back 38

an event that decreases the behavior it follows

Front 39

Biological limits on conditioning

Back 39

-humans are biologically prepared to learn some things more easily than others

-humans are naturally disposed to learn associations favored by natural selection

Front 40

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

Back 40

-ended the belief that environments rule out behavior

-disprove belief that any stimulus (taste, sight, sound) could serve equally as well as a conditioned stimulus

Front 41

John B. Watson

Back 41

-rejected mentalistic concepts

-basic laws of learning are the same for all animals

-psychology should be an objective science of observable behaviors (behaviorism)

Front 42

latent learning

Back 42

animals and people can learn from experience with or without reinforcement

-not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Front 43

behaviorism

Back 43

view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Front 44

cognitive map

Back 44

mental image of the layout of one's environment

Front 45

intrinsic motivation

Back 45

desire to perform a behavior well for its own sake

Front 46

extrinsic motivation

Back 46

desire to perform a behavior to gain a reward or avoid a punishment

Front 47

observational learning

Back 47

learning by observing others

Front 48

modeling

Back 48

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Front 49

vicarious reinforcement/punishment

Back 49

learning to anticipate a behavior's consequences in situations like those being observed

Front 50

Albert Bandura

Back 50

-Bobo doll experiment

Front 51

mirror neuron

Back 51

-neuron that fires when we perform certain actions and when we observe others performing those actions

-neural basis for imitation and observational learning

Front 52

prosocial effects

Back 52

positive, helpful, constructive behavior