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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning
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A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience.
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orienting response
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An inborn tendency to notice and respond to novel or surprising events.
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habituation
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The decline in tendency to respond to an event that has become familiar through repeated exposure.
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sensitization
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Increased responsiveness, or sensitivity, to an event that has been repeated.
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classical conditioning
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A set of procedures used to investigate how organisms learn about the signaling properties of events. Classical conditioning involves learning relations between events--conditioned and unconditioned stimuli--that occur outside of one's control.
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
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A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training.
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unconditioned response (UR)
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The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to any training, on presentation of unconditioned stimulus.
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conditioned response (CR)
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The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus.
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.
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second-order conditioning
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A procedure in which an established conditioned stimulus is used to condition a second neutral stimulus.
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stimulus generalization
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Responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to the response produced by an established conditioned stimulus.
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stimulus discrimination
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Responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus.
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extinction
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Presenting a conditioned stimulus repeatedly, after conditioning, without the unconditioned stimulus, resulting in a loss in responding.
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spontaneous recovery
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The recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.
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conditioned inhibition
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Learning that an event signals the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
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operant conditioning
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A procedure for studying how organisms learn about the consequences of their own voluntary actions (also called instrumental conditioning).
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law of effect
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If a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened. If a response in a particular situation is followed by an unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened.
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discriminative stimulus
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The stimulus situation that sets the occasion for a response to be followed by reinforcement or punishment.
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reinforcement
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Response consequences that increase the likelihood of responding in a similar way again.
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positive reinforcement
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An event hat, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response.
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negative reinforcement
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An event that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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conditioned reinforcer
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A stimulus that has acquired reinforcing properties through prior learning.
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punishment
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Consequences that decrease the likelihood of responding in a similar way again.
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positive punishment
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An event that, when presented after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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negative punishment
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An event that, when removed after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.
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schedule of reinforcement
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A rule that an experimenter uses to determine when particular responses will be reinforced.
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partial reinforcement schedule
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A schedule in which reinforcement is delivered only some of the time after the response has occurred.
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fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
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A schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change.
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variable-ratio (VR) schedule
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A schedule in which a certain number of responses are required for reinforcement, but the number of required responses typically changes.
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fixed-interval (FI) schedule
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A schedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time.
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variable-interval (VI) schedule
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A schedule in which the allotted time before a response will yield reinforcement varies from trial to trial.
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shaping
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A procedure in which reinforcement is delivered for successive approximations of the desired response.
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observational learning
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Learning by observing the experience of others.
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modeling
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The natural tendency to imitate the behavior of significant others.
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