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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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I WAS LATE TO CLASS SO I MISSED THE FIRST BIT |
uh-oh |
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Define Social Desirability |
Social Desirability – attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in a person |
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Define Implicit attitude |
Implicit attitude – an attitude of which the person is unaware Learned reactions |
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What are norms? |
social rules about how members of a society are expected to act provide order and predicability |
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What are Confederates |
Actors that the scientists hire to preform an experiments |
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Define Altruism |
Altruism - self-sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others |
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What are the for steps to helping? |
Notice the event - To intervene you have to be paying attention Interpretation - need to interpret it as an emergency You have to feel personally responsible for acting What form of assistance is needed? And can I do it? |
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What are the 2 reasons people don't help others? |
Bystander effect Diffusion of responsibility |
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Bystander effect |
Bystander effect (apathy) - the more people present, the less likely any one person will attempt to help |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
Diffusion of responsibility - we are less likely to assist in a large group because responsibility to help is shared |
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How does the presence of others effect performance? |
Group Action: Social Facilitation The presence of others can either help or hinder performance, depending on how confident you are performing the acton alone. If you are good at running alone, you'll get better in a race. If you suck, running in a group makes you slower |
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What experiment did Zajonc create? |
Cockroach maze |
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What is social loafing? |
Social loafing: people reduce effort when working in a group, compared to working alone |
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What's the difference between Social Facilitation and Social Loafing? |
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When are people less likely to loaf? |
Believe you will get credit/blame for your work Believe your contribution is important/meaningful Part of a cohesive, desirable group |
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What is Deindividuation |
Deindividuation: a loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in a group ~ Less evaluation apprehension (with a mask on or when people aren't watching you don't have to worry about what people think of you) ~ Deindividuated people often behave badly |
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What does the Electric shock study by Zimbardo (1970) show? |
Deindividuated participants gave much greater shock than those wearing name tags |
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What is groupthink? |
when pressure to agree in a group leads to inadequate appraisal of options and poor decisions |
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What are the predictors of Groupthink? |
Cohesive group - if you are all friends Directive leader Isolated group - you have no extra authority Feelings of superiority - A team vs. B team, A team is the best so they can do whatever they want. |
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What is the Group polarization effect? |
After group discussion, positions become more extreme |
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What is conformity? |
The tendency to alter our behaviour as a result of group pressure |
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What increases conformity? |
~ We want to be correct ~ We want to be looked upon favourably from others ~ Unanimity increased conformity ~ Lower conformity if only one other person differed from the majority ~ Size of majority up to five or six people ~ Low self-esteem makes you more likely to conform ~Authority |
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What was the Milgram Experiments? |
The shock experiments to see if people would listen to authority |
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What was the original predictions for the Milgram Experiments? |
Original Predictions: 1 in 1000 individuals would administer the highest level of shock |
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What are the explanations for listening to authority? |
Early Socialization Trappings of authority Binding Forces |
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What is early socialization? |
People are socialized to obey authority and are rewarded for it |
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What are the trappings of socialization? |
aura of legitimacy Status of Institution (Yale) Scientific Equipment Lab coat |
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What are binding forces? |
Hard to challenge authority (no right to challenge those with greater knowledge) |
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We use our cognitive thinking ____% when making decisions |
30%. 70% of decisions we make don't require thinking because we've already made those choices before |
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According to the Dual processes model (Elaboration Likelihood Model) what are the pathways to persuading others? |
The central route focuses on informational content The peripheral route focuses on more surface aspects of the argument |
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According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, what are the three different variables affecting ? |
Three different variables: Personal relevance number of arguments Quality of arguments |
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What are the persuasion strategies? |
Source ~ Is knowledgeable and likeable ~ Is similar to us ~ Presents both sides of an issue Foot-in-the-door Door-in-the-face Appeals to fear |
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Explain the foot-in-the-door technique? |
Foot-in-the-door - get them to agree to something small so they will agree to something larger later |
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Explain the door-in-the-face technique |
Door-in-the-face - ask for something very big knowing you will get turned down, but then ask for the smaller item you really wanted ex. Can I get fare for a cab? NO! Okay how about a subway token? Ah okay fine. |
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Explain the Appeals to fear technique |
Appeals to fear - ads make it seem like something bad will happen if you do not comply |
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What is the other factor that combines with authority? |
Credibility and Social Attractiveness |
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What are the three contextual factors? |
1. Attention grabbing 2. Attractiveness can help form attitudes 3. Low involvement (peripheral cues) |
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Peripheral Route results? |
We follow instructions more when we are in that peripheral route (Someone who’s not paying attention will react if you yell “Look out! Duck!”) ~ It’s not really going to change deeply felt attitudes ~ It’s also short lived ~ In the end, it IS a peripheral cue |
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What is categorization? |
short cut that is necessary to reduce the complexity of the social world the human mind must think with the aid of categories |
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Is categorization good or bad? |
Usually a good thing: ~ These categories are the basis for normal prejudgment ~ Allow us to make decisions quickly ~ We quickly learn what to approach and explore, and what to avoid |
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What are the Consequences of Social Categorization? |
~ People have a strong tendency to divide other people into categories ~ Do this to facilitates social interactions ~ Has the potential to have adverse effects |
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What is the problem with Social Categorization? |
We form these categorizations largely automatically and use them in the same way: we over-categorize we do it wrong we misinterpret categories Leads to confirmation bias |
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What is biased beliefs? |
Stem from social categorizations people make to ease knowledge assimilation and decision making in potentially complex situations, and these attitudes are related to subsequent behaviour. |
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What are the ABCs of Out-Group Attitudes? |
Attitude Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination |
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Explain stereotypes? |
Stereotypes are the automatically activated knowledge that we have on a particular group just because people have knowledge of stereotypes, doesn’t mean they endorse them Ex. I've met three Wallonians and they all are rude |
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Explain Prejudice. |
The affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes You have knowledge of stereotypes and you endorse them. Ex. I hate all Wallonians because they are all rude |
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Explain Discrimination. |
The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership Treating Wallonians badly just because they’re a Wallonian, but not because of any individual reason |
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How does bias lead to discrimination? |
So in outgroup attitudes, bias (which can be caused by stereotypes or prejudices) is the precondition for discrimination. |
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What are the different conceptions in Abnormal Psychology |
Deviance Statistical Rarity Subjective Distress Dysfunction/Impairment Biological Dysfunction Danger |
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Deviance Behaviour, thoughts, and emotions are considered abnormal when they differ from _______________________________________________. |
a society’s ideas about proper functioning Judgments of deviance and abnormality vary from society to society. |
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What does statistical rarity mean? |
Meaning uncommon in the population |
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Not all infrequent conditions are ________________ |
pathological |
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Subjective Distress ? |
Most mental disorders produce emotional pain But not all generate distress When the disease impacts your life |
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Dysfunction/Impairment |
Most mental disorders interfere with people’s ability to function in everyday life But not all conditions that impair ability to function are mental disorders (ex. a lazy person doesn't have a mental disorder, even though it impares their productability) |
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Biological Dysfunction |
Many mental disorders may result from the breakdowns or failures of physiological systems |
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Give an example of Biological Dysfunction |
Under-activation of frontal lobes in schizophrenia or psychopathy |
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Explain Danger |
Some people with psychological dysfunction become dangerous to themselves or others. |
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Name / define & state the pros and cons of the 6 things |
answer |
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What are the 4 misconceptions regarding Psychiatric diagnosis? |
~ Psychiatric diagnosis is nothing more than pigeonholing ~ Psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable ~ Psychiatric diagnoses are invalid ~ Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people |
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Misconceptions of Pigeonholing |
In reality, a diagnosis implies only that all people with that diagnosis are alike in at least one important respect However commonly pigeonholing deprives them of their uniqueness. Implies all people with the same diagnosis are alike in all important respects |
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What is Inter-rater reliability? |
Refers to consistency in measurement (Will two doctors come to the exact same conclusion about a patient) |
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Looking at stats, we see that interrater reliability is higher than ______? |
0.8 |
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Are Psychiatric diagnoses invalid? |
No they are valid! Distinguish diagnoses from other similar diagnoses Predicts patients’ outcomes on tests Predicts family history Predicts natural history(what happens to them over time) Predicts favourable response to treatment |
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How does Psychiatric diagnoses stigmatize people? |
Non-psychologists (People) stigmatize what they don’t understand |
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What does the DSM-5 stand for? |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a system that contains the criteria for mental disorders |
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How many classes of disorder does DSM-5 have? |
Has 18 different classes of disorders |
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The DSM-5 warns to ______________ ? |
Warns to “think organic” (rule out physical causes of symptoms first) |
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What are the criticisms to the DSM? |
Not all diagnoses meet criteria for validity Not all criteria and decisions rules are based on scientific data Reliance on categorical rather than dimensional model of psychopathology High level of comorbidity |
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During the renaissance who utilized Moral treatment? |
Phillippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix |
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What drug was developed in 1950's? |
Thorazine |
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What does Thorazine do? |
Moderately decreased symptoms of schizophrenia and similar problems |
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Why was Thorazine not totally effective? |
One drug was used to treat all mental disorders... not very effective for many things Especially since each metal illness could be caused by different things |
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What are the three reasons someone might have depression? |
Nuerotransitter imbalance Cognitive function Both |
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Before 1966 how were Psychologist judgement structured? |
Before 1966 it was just assumed professionals could assess risk well But with no standard start point from which all professionals could begin, it all came down to their credibility as an expert |
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What are the issues of having Unstructured Clinical Judgement? |
It is Professional discretion that Lack of guidelines and Lacks consistency |
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What did the Baxstrom and Dixon Studies find? |
Call into question the ability of mental health professionals Baxstrom, along with > 300 mentally ill offenders releasedProvided a rare opportunity to study the accuracy of mental health professionalsThe psychologists deemed 100 of them were too dangerous to enter society… so they followed those ones around Base rate for violence was relatively low7 of 98 (7%) and 60 of 400 (15%) |
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What is Actuarial Prediction method? |
Ability to reliably and scientifically predict risk assessment . Type of mechanical prediction Combination of pre-specified risk factors With a mathematical model |
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What is Structured Professional Judgement method? |
Actuarial prediction plus! Focuses on individuals Focuses on main causal factors Has Flexibility |
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Why does Deinstitutionalization have mixed results? |
Some patients returned to almost normal lives but tens of thousands had no follow-up care and went off medications Community mental health centres and halfway houses attempt to help this problem |
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EXTRA STUFF NOT IN ORDER |
bloop |
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What are social construals? |
How individuals interpret or perceive a social situation |
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What is the attribution effect? |
is the tendency for people to place an undue emphasis on internal characteristics (personality) to explain someone else's behavior in a given situation rather than considering the situation's external factors. |
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What are the effects of Fundamental Attribution Error |
Overestimate impact of dispositional influences Underestimate impact of situational influences Do the opposite for our own behaviour |
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Social cognition |
the way in which people perceive and interpret themselves and others in their social world |
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Classification system used by most countries in the world? |
International Classification of Diseases (ICD) |
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Classification system used by North America? |
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental Disorders |
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comorbidity |
the condition in which a person's symptoms qualify him for two or more diagnosis |
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Equifinality |
the idea that different children can start from different points and wind up at the same outcome |
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multifinality |
the idea that children can start from the same point and wind up at any number of different outcomes |
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Cognitive dissonance |
a state of emotional discomfort people feel when they hold a belief that contradicts their behaviour |
