Psy 105 - Midterm 2

Front 1

Define Learning

Back 1

Change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of practice, study, or experience

Front 2

Define Non-associative learning

Back 2

learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; it is change resulting from experiences with a single sensory cue

Front 3

Define Associative learning

Back 3

a change as a result of experience where two or more stimuli become linked

Front 4

Name the three points of Non-associative learning

Back 4

Habituation, Sensitization, Dishabituation

Front 5

What is habituation?

Back 5

Habituation - weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation

Front 6

What is sensitization?

Back 6

a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli

Front 7

What is dishabituation

Back 7

Dishabituation - a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habituation

Front 8

What was Ivan Pavlov famous for?

Back 8

Digestion of the dog experiment. Dogs would salivate

Front 9

What is classical conditioning?

Back 9

A form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus

Front 10

What are the five primary components of classical conditioning?

Back 10

Neutral stimulus (NS) (becomes CS)

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Front 11

What is acquisition in the classical conditioning phases?

Back 11

The learning phase during where a conditioned response is established

Ex. training the dog

Front 12

What is extinction in the classical conditioning phases?

Back 12

the reduction and elimination of the conditioned response

Ex. If you don't give the dog a reward, they slowly stop the response

Front 13

What is spontaneous recovery in the classical conditioning phases?

Back 13

the reappearance of the behaviour after extinction and timeout

Front 14

What are the Classic Conditioning Principles?

Back 14

Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus Discrimination

Front 15

Define Stimulus generalization

Back 15

when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response

ex. got bit by a dog so you hate all dogs

Front 16

Define Stimulus discrimination

Back 16

When we exhibit a conditioned response only to certain stimuli, not similar others

ex. got bit by a pit bull, so you are afraid of pit bulls but not any other breed of dog

Front 17

What is high order conditioning?

Back 17

Process where organisms develop classically conditioned responses to CSs associated with the original CS

Front 18

High Order Conditioning becomes _________ the farther from the original CS

Back 18

weaker

Front 19

What is operating conditioning?

Back 19

A type of learning in which an individual's behavior is modified by its consequences

ex. muscle movement

Front 20

Back 20

...

Front 21

What is Thorndike's Law of Effect?

Back 21

If we’re rewarded for a response to a stimulus, we’re more like to repeat that response to the stimulus in the future

Front 22

Learning involves an association between a ___________________

Back 22

Stimulus and response

Front 23

What are the two types of reinforcers?

Back 23

Primary reinforcers - a stimulus that has survival value and is therefore intrinsically rewarding

Secondary reinforcers - a neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer.

Front 24

Types of punishers?

Back 24

Primary punisher - a stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism

ex. Slapping, electric shock,

Secondary punisher - stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher

ex. Disapproval, criticism, bad grades

Front 25

Define Shaping

Back 25

Gradually modifying behaviour through a series of successive approximations of the target behaviour

Front 26

What are reinforcements?

Back 26

Reinforcements are outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response

Front 27

Positive reinforcements?

Back 27

Positive reinforcement involves giving a stimulus

Front 28

Negative reinforcement

Back 28

Negative reinforcement involves taking away a stimulus

Front 29

Explain positive and negative punishment

Back 29

positive or negative doesn’t mean good or bad… it means additive or recessive.

Ex. giving them a shock vs taking away food

Front 30

What are disadvantages of using punishments?

Back 30

Tells what not to do

Creates anxiety

Encourages subversive behaviour

May provide model for aggressive behaviour

Front 31

Define Memory

Back 31

Memory is the process by which we observe, store, and recall information

Front 32

Memories may be ___________ , ______________, or _________________

Back 32

visual, auditory, or tactile

Front 33

Memory processes may involve two systems:

Back 33

Conscious & Automatic

Front 34

What are the three processes of memory?

Back 34

Encoding is getting information into memory

Storage is keeping information in memory

Retrieval is the reactivation or reconstruction of information from memory

Front 35

What is maintenance rehersal?

Back 35

simply repeating the stimuli in the same form

Front 36

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Back 36

Various ways; linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way

Front 37

What are the three levels of processing?

Back 37

Shallow, Intermediate, and Deep

Front 38

Explain shallow processing.

Back 38

Visual – basically structural encoding (capital letters, what color, etc…)

Front 39

Explain Intermediate Processing.

Back 39

Phonemic Encoding (Sounds: rhyming, homonyms, etc…)

Front 40

Explain Deep Processing.

Back 40

Semantic Encoding (meaning or symbolism)

Front 41

Explain Visual Imagery

Back 41

When you imagine some image or event related to a term or concept to encode the information both phonemically (auditory) and visually.

Front 42

What are the three type of verbal Mnemonics we covered in class?

Back 42

Verbal, Visual, SQ3R

Front 43

Give an example of verbal mnemonics

Back 43

Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge

Front 44

What is the link method?

Back 44

A visual mnemonic - Creating a link to remember ex. Your apples fall onto the cart and get squished and sqeeze out juice. (Reminds you to get apples and juice at the store)

Front 45

What is the method of Loci?

Back 45

Place imagery

You imagine that there are apples on my bed and juice in my drawer

Front 46

Keyword Method

Back 46

Keyword method (language learning, reminder words)

Ex. Jugo is the spanish word for Juice… you look at Jugo and connect it to a jug of juice

Front 47

What does SQ3R stand for?

Back 47

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review

Front 48

Self - Reference Effect

Back 48

A tendency to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information

Front 49

Name the 3 stores that memory consists of.

Back 49

Sensory registers (SM)

Short-term memory (STM)

Long-term memory (LTM)

Front 50

What are the two types of sensory registers?

Back 50

Iconic (visual)

Echoic (auditory)

Front 51

Study the Information Processing Model of Memory

Back 51

q

Front 52

Each sense has __________ of sensory memory

Back 52

its own form

Front 53

How long does sensory memory last?

Back 53

About one second

Front 54

How long does short term memory last?

Back 54

fades after 20-30 seconds

Front 55

What is the short-term memory item capacity?

Back 55

7 +/- 2 item capacity

Front 56

How can we lose information in our short term memory?

Back 56

~ Distraction

~ Decay (fades over time)

~ Interference (Loss of information due to competition of new incoming information)

Front 57

What is your working memory?

Back 57

Working memory is temporary storage and processing of information used to:

~ solve problems

~ respond to environmental demands

~ achieve goals

Front 58

Why could long-term memory fail?

Back 58

Could fail due to storage (encoding) or retrieval errors

Front 59

What are the two types of LTM?

Back 59

~Explicit/Declarative Memory

~Implicit

Front 60

What is explicit memory divided into?

Back 60

Semantic – “generic” knowledge of facts

Episodic – Memories of specific events

Front 61

What is the multiple types of implicit memory?

Back 61

Procedural

Priming

Conditioning

Habituation

Front 62

Measuring memory using the 3Rs

Back 62

Recall - generating previously remembered information

Recognition - selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Relearning - we reacquire something learned before much faster

Front 63

What does the serial position curve show?

Back 63

You are more likely to remember words at the beginning and end of a list

Front 64

What is the Primacy Effect?

Back 64

We tend to do better with the first items

Front 65

What is the Recency Effect?

Back 65

We also do well with the last items

Front 66

Why do the Primacy and Recency Effects take place?

Back 66

Primacy is stored in your shallow long term memory

Recency is still stored in your short term memory

Front 67

What is the von Restorff effect?

Back 67

You are more likely to remember stimuli that are odd or distinctive

Front 68

What is over learning?

Back 68

If you practiced something more than what is usually necessary to memorize it

Front 69

What is encoding specificity?

Back 69

More likely to remember something when the conditions at the time of encoding are also present at retrieval

Front 70

What are the two types of encoding specificity?

Back 70

context-dependent learning and state-dependent learning

Front 71

What is Context-Dependent Learning?

Back 71

Superior retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context

(Place) Where you physically are.

Front 72

What is State-Dependent Learning?

Back 72

Superior retrieval of memories when you are in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

Front 73

What are the 7 sins of memory?

Back 73

Memories are transient (fade with time)

We do not remember what we do not pay attention to

Our memories can be temporarily blocked

We can misattribute the source of memory

We are suggestible in our memories

We can show memory distortion (bias)

We often fail to forget the things we would like not to recall (persistence of memory)

Front 74

Define Health Psychology.

Back 74

Is concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness

Front 75

Biopsychosocial Model

Back 75

Physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychosocial, and socio-cultural factors

Front 76

_____% of all deaths are preventable

Back 76

50%

Front 77

Approximately _______ Canadians have at least one modifiable risk factor for chronic disease.

Back 77

4 of 5

Front 78

What are the modifiable Risks?

Back 78

~Smoking

~High Risk Alchohol Use

~Nutrition

~Physical Inactivity

~Obesity

Front 79

What happens if you have prolonged exposure to stress?

Back 79

Suppress cellular immune functioning

Produces hemodynamic changes

Provoke irregular heart rhythms

Produce neurochemical imbalances

Can cause depression or mental health issue

Atherosclerosis

Destruction of neurons in the hippocampus

Front 80

Atherosclerosis

Back 80

When your arteries get filled with plaque

Front 81

What is stress?

Back 81

Stress is the constellation of cognitive, emotional, physiological, and behavioral reactions the organism experiences as it interacts with perceived threats and challenges

Front 82

What are stressors?

Back 82

perceived threats and challenges

Front 83

Acute Stress

Back 83

Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

Ex. someone jumps out from behind you and scare you. But once it’s over the threat is gone.

Front 84

Chronic Stress

Back 84

Threatening events that have a relatively long term and no readily apparent time limit

Ex. a sick family member that you don’t have control over when they are going to die

Front 85

What is Eustress?

Back 85

Positive stress.

Ex. Dating a new person or getting a promotion at work.

Front 86

Stress as a stimulus

Back 86

Any circumstance that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities

Front 87

Stress as a process

Back 87

relationship between person and environment

Front 88

What is appraisal?

Back 88

make a judgment about the relative significance of the event and evaluate as a threat or challenge

Stress depends on what you notice, and how you choose to interpret it. It’s perception!

Front 89

What is primary appraisal?

Back 89

person evaluates present and potential harm or loss from event

Front 90

What are the three options of primary appraisal?

Back 90

~ Initial evaluation whether the stimulus is relevant or not

~ It is a challenge - pay attention but it’s not threatening

~ It’s threatening / stressful

Front 91

What is secondary appraisal?

Front 92

What is Reappraisal?

Front 93

Define Problem-focused.

Back 93

if optimistic and think we can achieve our goals, tackle problems head on

Front 94

Define Emotion-focused.

Back 94

place a positive spin on things we can’t control and engage in behaviours to reduce painful emotions

Ex: After a breakup we tell ourselves we weren’t happy in a relationship

Front 95

What is stress as a response?

Back 95

A state that impairs our ability to respond to internal and external demands

"I’m so stressed right now”

Front 96

Lazarus split stress into:

Back 96

Loss, Threat, Challenge

Front 97

What are the four types of threats?

Back 97

Frustration

Conflict

Change

Pressure

Front 98

What is the approach-approach conflict?

Back 98

Making a choice between two positive choices (ex. Should I have cake or cookies?)

Least Stressful

Front 99

What is the Avoid-avoid conflict?

Back 99

Making a choice between two negative choices (ex. A house with rats or cockroaches)

Most stressful

Front 100

What is the approach-avoid conflict?

Back 100

One choice has pros and cons whereas the other you don’t gain or lose anything

(ex. I got a promotion but I have to move across the country, or I could turn it down and stay where you are)

Front 101

What is more likely if you score high on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?

Back 101

The higher the score, the higher the chance of illness

Front 102

What is the Impact of Stress on Health and Performance?

Back 102

Stressors can produce detrimental physical and psychological changes: worry, inability to make decisions, anxiety, depression, etc.

Physiological reactions to stress can include increased heart rate, headaches, and frequent illnesses

Front 103

What does the Yerkes-Dodson curve show?

Back 103

There is an optimal zone of mid-level physiological arousal, neither under-stimulated or over-stimulated

if there's no stress or too much stress, there is a low performance level

Front 104

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) stages of stress?

Back 104

Alarm stage

Resistance – you adapt and find ways to cope with the stressor

Exhaustion – in prolonged stressors, our resistance can break down (Can cause physical or psychological damage)

Front 105

What are the two major pathways for the fight-or-flight response?

Back 105

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary system (SAM)

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocorticol system (HPA)

Front 106

Fight-or-Flight Response

Primary command center stress response is in the ____________________;

Back 106

hypothalamus

Front 107

Fight-or-Flight Response

a primary target organ is the ____________

Back 107

adrenal gland

Front 108

What does the hypothalamus activate during fight or flight?

Back 108

Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

Front 109

When the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, what does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Back 109

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Front 110

What are Catecholimines?

Back 110

Hormones that make your heart race, accelerate your breathing, and slow down your digestive track

ex. Epinephrine also known as adrenaline

Front 111

Study this:

SAM AND HPA

Back 111

Front 112

What do coritcosteroids do?

Back 112

Hormones like cortisol that:

~ reduce inflammation (in case of injury)

~ increase your energy

~ help body return to normal state after acute stressors

Front 113

What does Noradrenaline do?

Back 113

Releases the sugar molecules and energy

Front 114

What is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

Back 114

HPA axis activation can temporarily inhibit pain so a person can escape danger

Release of cortisol readies stress responses