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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Psychology |
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
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What is empirical evidence? |
Information gained from direct observation and measurement. |
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Describe the four basic principles critical thinking is built on. |
1. Few truths- transcend the need for logical analysis beliefs. 2. Critical Thinkers often wonder what is would take to show that a truth is false. 3. Authority or claimed expertise does not automatically make an idea true or false. 4. Judging the quality of evidence is crucial. Keep an open mind! |
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Psychology as a science began in what year? Who set up the first laboratory to study conscious experiences? |
It began in 1879. Wilhelm Windt. |
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What did functionalism contribute to the field of psychology? |
It brought the study of animals into psy. It promoted educational psy. Functionalism- the school of psy concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment. |
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Describe the field of positive psychology and the characteristics it focuses on. |
Love, Happiness, Creativity, well-being, confidence, and achievement. It's the study of human strengths, virtues and optimal behavior. How to make life more fulfilling and positive. |
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What does the professional code of ethics say about privacy?
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Psychologist must carry out investigations with respect for the people. Confidentiality.
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What does a cognitive psychologist study? |
Studies human thinking and information processing abilities. |
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What is a variable in a scientific experiment? |
Is any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment. |
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What is meant by random assignment? |
Means that a participant has an equal chance of being in either the experimental group or the control group. |
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Explain the placebo effect. |
Changes in behavior due to participants expectations that a drug (or any treatment) will have some effect. Usually a sugar pill or saline solution.
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What is meant by single-blind and a double-blind experiment? |
DB-An arrangement in which both participants and experimenters are not aware of whether participants are in the experimental group or the control group. SB- an arrangement in which participants aren't aware if they are in the control or experimental group. |
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What is meant by nature and nurture? |
Nature is heredity, the transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their offspring through genes. Nurture is environmental it is the sum of all external conditions affecting development, including the effects of learning. |
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What is a teratogen? What role does it play in birth defects, especially alcohol? |
Anything capable of altering fetal development in noinheritable ways that cause birth defects. FAS fetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight, small head, body defects and many handicaps. |
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At what age do experts state all human emotions appear by?
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All emotions are present by age 2.
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Mary Ainsworth's study on attachment and identify the 3 types of attachment. |
How babies act after their mother's return after separation. secure- stable positive bond. insecure avoidant attachment- anxious emotional bond, tendency to avoid reunion w/ parent, caregiver. insecure ambivalant attachment- anxious emotional bond, desire to be with to be with parent and some resistance to being reunited. |
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Explain Diana Baumrind's 3 parenting styles. |
Authoritarian Parents- enforce rigid rules and demand strict obedience to authority. Children are emotionally stiff and lack curiosity. Overly Permissive- give little guidance, allow too much freedom, don't hold children accountable. Children tend to be dependent and immature. Frequently misbehave. Authoritative- provide firm and consistent guidance combined with love and affection. Children tend to competent, self-controlled, independent, and assertive. |
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Ethic differences in parenting. |
African- loyalty, independence, obedience and respect, strict, self reliance, ability to take care of oneself. Hispanic- tend to be strict, family is everything, pride, and affectionate towards younger children, as they get older they are expected to be calm, obedient, courteous, respectful. Asian- independence, taught that behavior can either bring pride or shame to the family. Obliged to set aside their desires and put the families best interest first. Hard work, moral behavior, achievement. Up to age 5 parents are lenient and permissive after that parents begin to expect self discipline. |
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Describe single word speech, telegraphic speech. Motherese/Parentese. |
Single word stage- Child says one word. "Up,down, juice" Telegraphic speech. Two word that make an idea. "want juice" Parentese/motherese- typically raise their tone of voice, use short, simple sentences. Repeat themselves, use gestures. Talking to a baby. |
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Describe the sensorimotor period Piaget's four stages of cognitive development. |
Sensorimotor(0-2) all sensory input and motor responses are coordinated, noverbal, do not understand that objects still exist when out of sight. Preoperational(2-7) children begin to use language and think in symbols, thinking is still intuitive and egocentric. Concrete Operational(7-11) children become able to use concepts of time, space, volume, and number but in ways that remain simplified and concrete. Not abstract. Formal Operational(11-up) thinking is based more on abstract principles. Less egocentric, better able to think of hypothetical possibilities. |
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Describe Lawrence Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development. |
Preconventional moral reasoning- moral thinking based on the consequences of ones choices or actions. conventional moral- moral thinking based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted rules and values. postconventional moral- moral thinking based on carefully examined and self chosen moral principles. |
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Why does Carol Gilligan think previous studies on moral development are biased? |
She pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice. Argues that there is also an ethic caring about others. |
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How many stages are there in Erikson's Psychosocial Development? |
Stage one through 8 and the whole human. 9....page 111. |
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According to Carol Ryff, what factors are associated with well-being in adulthood? |
Health, work, marriage, children, parents. To maintain a state of well-being, self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy(personal freedom) environmental mastery, a person in life, continued person growth. |
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Identify the types of discipline and the side effects associated with them. |
Power assertion- using physical punishment or a show of force. (removing toys) child fear parents, hate, lack of spontaneity and warmth Withdrawal of love. withholding affection....child is anxious, insecure, dependent, on approval. management techniques- combine praise, recognition, approval, rules, and reasoning to encourage desirable behavior. |
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Elisabeth Kubler-ross 5 emotional reactions to death. |
Denial&Isolation- denying deaths reality and isolation oneself from info confirming death will occur. "doctor's are wrong" Anger- asking "why me?" anger may then be projected onto others. Bargaining- terminally ill will bargain with God or themselves. " if i can live i'll be a better person" Depression- feeling of futility, exhaustion and deep sadness. Acceptance- if death is not sudden, many will accept death calmly, person is at peace with death |
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What is sleep deprivation psychosis?
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Confusion, disorientation, delusions, and hallucinations that occur because of sleep loss.
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Identify features associated with the four stages of sleep. |
Stage 1- small, irregular waves produced in light sleep. Hypnic jerk-reflex muscles twitch. Feels like falling. stage 2- deeper sleep, sleep spindles. Short burst of distinctive brain-wave activity appear stage 3- delta waves appear- large and slow stage 4- deepest level of normal sleep, mostly pure delta waves |
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Dreams occur in what state of sleep. |
REM. RAPID EYE MOVEMENT. |
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Contrast REM and NREM |
NREM occurs in all stages, no rapid eye movement occurs. 90% of nrem is dream free and helps us recover from fatigue. REM- is light sleep, dreams and brain is very active. |
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Define insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and sids. |
Insomnia- difficulty in getting to sleep, staying asleep, Waking up to early. Sleeping pills may cause dependency- decrease in rem and stage 4 sleep. sleep apnea- repeated interruption during sleep, loud snoring with short silences and gasp for breath. Can be treated by weight loss, surgery, sleep masks. sids-sudden infant death syndrome. Unexplained death to healthy infant, related to sleep apnea, secondhand smoke, and weak arousal reflex. Narcolepsy- sudden, irresistible attacks of sleep. Fall directly into REM sleep, catalepsy-sudden temporary muscle paralysis leading to complete body collapse. |
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Describe Freud's theory on dreams. |
Psychodynamic theory- emphasizes internal conflicts, motives and unconscious forces. Wish fulfillment- dreams are expressions of unconscious desires Dream symbols- images in dreams that have a deeper symbolic meaning. |
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How do stimulants and depressants affect the nervous system? |
Stimulants increase activity in the body and nervous system, depressants decrease activity in the nervous system and body. |
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Average cigarette smoker's life is reduced by how many years? |
10-15 years
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Define learning. |
Is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
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Contrast antecedents and consequences. |
Antecedents, events that precede a response, consequences are effects that follow a response |
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Unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus.
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US- stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response. Food.
CS- stimulus that evokes a response because it has been repeatedly paired with an US. Bell because it has been paired with food. |
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What is a conditioned emotional response. |
CR- is a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus. Cs bell means food |
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Explain operant conditioning principles and contrast positive and negative reinforcement
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learning is based on the consequences of responding. If you wear a hat and get compliments you'll wear it more, if you get insulted you won't wear it.
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What is vicarious classical conditioning. |
Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus. Watch mom be afraid of snakes, you'll in return be afraid of snakes.
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Explain the process of operant extinction. |
The weakening or disappearance of non reinforced operant response. Learned responses that are not reinforced gradually fade away. |
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What are the 7 tips regarding using punishment wisely? |
Avoid harsh punishment use minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior apply punishment during or immediately after misbehavior be consistent use counter conditioning expect anger from a punished person punish with kindness and respect |
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Order of 3 stages of memory?
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Sensory memory- the first, normally unconscious stage of memory, which hold info for only a few seconds.
Short term memory, stores small amounts of info for 12 seconds, in our conscious memory Long term memory- used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information. |
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How is information transferred from sensory memory to short term memory. |
Through iconic memory, mental image or visual representation then to echoic memory- continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard. |
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What is flashbulb memory? |
Memory created at times of high emotion that seem especially vivid. |
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What is selection? |
Boil down the paragraphs in text to one or two most important terms or ideas to memorize. |
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What is encoding failure? |
Failure to store sufficient info to form a useful memory. |
