Psy 1001 Exam 2

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

A change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience

Front 2

What is habituation?

Back 2

The process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Hint 2

Usually involving harmless stimuli

Front 3

What is sensitization?

Back 3

Responding more strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Hint 3

Usually involving harmful stimuli

Front 4

What was Pavlov's study with the dog?

Back 4

Pavlov placed dogs into a harness and inserted a collection tube into their salivary glands to study their digestive responses to meat powder. Dogs began drooling not only to the meat powder itself, but also to the research assistants who brought in the powder. Drooling was even triggered by hearing their footsteps.

Front 5

What is classical (Pavlovian) conditioning?

Back 5

Form of learning in which animals come to respond to previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Front 6

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Back 6

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Front 7

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Back 7

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Front 8

What is an unconditioned response?

Back 8

Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Front 9

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Back 9

Stimulus that elicits an automatic response

Front 10

What is an unconditioned response?

Back 10

Automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned

Front 11

What is a conditioned response?

Back 11

Response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

Front 12

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Back 12

Initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

Front 13

What is contiguity?

Back 13

The sequential occurrence or proximity of stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind

Front 14

What is acquisition?

Back 14

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Front 15

What is extinction?

Back 15

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Front 16

What is spontaneous recovery?

Back 16

Sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Front 17

What is the renewal effect?

Back 17

Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Front 18

What is stimulus generalization?

Back 18

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Front 19

What is stimulus discrimination?

Back 19

Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

Front 20

What makes a stimulus more likely to become a CS?

Back 20

The stimulus is not neutral

Front 21

What leads to extinction in classical conditioning?

Back 21

During extinction a new response gradually "writes over" or inhibits the CR

Front 22

What is higher-order conditioning?

Back 22

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

Front 23

What is the story of little Albert?

Back 23

Watson and Rayner recruited a 9 month old infant named Albert. Albert was fond of fury little creatures like white rats. They allowed Albert to play with a rat and seconds afterwards, Watson snuck up behind him and struck a gong with a hammer. This created an ear-splitting noise that made Albert cry. After seven pairings of the rat and the UCS (loud sound from Hong) Albert displayed a CR (crying) to the rat alone, which means the rat had now become a CS.

Front 24

How can classical conditioning be used to produce a fear response (or other emotional response) to a neutral stimulus?

Back 24

If a neutral stimulus (turning on the light) is paired up with a conditioned stimulus (scary man with chain saw appears in front of one's face), after enough trials the training on of the light will produce fear (before) or even without the conditioned stimulus

Front 25

What is a conditioned taste aversion? What makes it different from the usual models of classical conditioning?

Back 25

When a patient consumes a food and then experiences nausea, sickness or vomiting and as a result the food consumed will be associated with illness, causing the food to be almost impossible to consume. Classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food.

Taste aversions typically require only on trial to develop. The delay between CS and UCS in taste aversions can be as long as 6-8 hours. It tends to be remarkably specific and display little evidence of stimulus generalization.

Front 26

Who is EL Thorndike?

Back 26

He is the founder of Instrumental Conditioning and discovered the law of effect of a classic study of cats and puzzle boxes.

Front 27

What is the Law of Effect?

Back 27

A principle that states if a stimulus is followed by a behavior resulting in reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior/reward in the future

Front 28

What is a learning curve?

Back 28

The time it takes to get the correct solution vs. the # of trials in an experiment

Front 29

What is insight?

Back 29

Grasping the underlying nature of a problem

Front 30

What is a Skinner Box?

Back 30

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administers and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised