Psy 1000 5-7

Front 1

___________ refers to our initial experience of a stimulus.

Back 1

SENSATION

Front 2

Through the process of ___________ we are able to interpret incoming sensory patterns.

Back 2

PERCEPTION

Front 3

Seeing a friend's face is to ____________ as recognizing a friend's face is to ________________.

Back 3

SENSATION, PERCEPTION

Front 4

______________ cannot transmit light or sound waves directly to the brain.

Back 4

NEURONS

Front 5

What process is responsible for the conversion of physical energy to neural impulses?

Back 5

TRANSDUCTION

Front 6

Nerve impulses that carry information travel along __________________ to specialized processing areas in the brain.

Back 6

SENSORY PATHWAYS

Front 7

A _____________ is a specialized neuron that detects sensory energy in the outside world.

Back 7

RECEPTOR

Front 8

Most sensory information is relayed to the ____________ en route to the cortex.

Back 8

THALAMUS

Front 9

Failure to notice background music at a restaurant demonstrates which principle?

Back 9

SENSORY ADAPTATION

Front 10

Weber's law states that __________________ are a function of the initial stimulus intensity.

Back 10

DIFFERENCE THRESHOLDS

Front 11

A perception consists of ____________ in combination with _______________?

Back 11

SENSATION, ASSOCIATED MEANING

Front 12

___________ refers to the fact that we do not know how the brain combines features into a single precept.

Back 12

THE BINDING PROBLEM

Front 13

In ____________ processing, the resulting precept is determined by stimulus features.

Back 13

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

Front 14

What type of processing takes sensory data into the system through receptors and then sends the data to the brain for analysis of information?

Back 14

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

Front 15

Top-down processing emphasizes experience, cultural background, knowledge, and memory, but does not emphasize __________.

Back 15

STIMULUS FEATURES

Front 16

_________________ reflects the understanding of the perceiver that objects remain the same despite changes in their appearance

Back 16

PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY

EX: A ROUND BALL FULL OF AIR IS THE SAME OBJECT AS A DEFLATED BALL, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THEY LOOK DIFFERENT IN APPEARANCE.

Front 17

The statement "the whole is more than the sum of its parts" reflects what type of psychology?

Back 17

GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

Front 18

The Gestalt process of _____________ occurs when you see an incomplete figure as complete.

Back 18

CLOSURE

EX: Seeing a broken circle as a whole, unbroken circle.

Front 19

The way this pattern is perceived is an example of which principle/law

XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX

Back 19

LAW OF PROXIMITY

We group similar objects if they are next to each other

Front 20

The law of Pragnanz is also known as the minimum principle of _____________

Back 20

PERCEPTION

Front 21

The ____________ principle states that a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preffered one

Back 21

PREMACK
Ex: when Avery finishes homework he can have computer time--computer time (preferred activity) reinforces homework completion (less preferred activity).

Front 22

______________ punishment involves the application of an aversive stimulus

Back 22

POSITIVE (adding something)

Front 23

A punisher ____________ the probability of a response, while a negative reinforcer___________the probability of a response.

Back 23

DECREASES, INCREASES

Front 24

Both positive reinforcement and positive punishment involve ___________ a stimulus

Back 24

ADDING

Front 25

True or false...Brandon's parents calling him a liar when he is dishonest is NOT likely to be effective.

Back 25

TRUE

Front 26

The most effective form of punishment usually involves _______________.

Back 26

PENALTIES LIKE A LOSS OF PRIVILEGES

Front 27

Both operant and classical conditioning attempt to explain what?

Back 27

HOW LEARNING OCCURS

Front 28

Differences in operant and classical conditioning include _____________, ________________, and ______________________.

Back 28

THE ORDER OF STIMULUS AND RESPONSE, WHETHER THEY ARE VOLUNTARY, WHETHER THEY ARE BASED ON REFLEXES.

Front 29

Which type of conditioning involves voluntary responses?

Back 29

OPERANT

Front 30

Which type of conditioning involves the introduction of stimulus BEFORE a response

Back 30

CLASSICAL

Front 31

Which form of conditioning is based on reflex responses?

Back 31

CLASSICAL

Front 32

Negative reinforcement works best when the aversive stimulus is imposed by ____________ or _______________ conditions.

Back 32

NATURAL, IMPERSONAL

Front 33

The fact that reward has a greater influence on behavior than punishment was dicovered in studies on

Back 33

OBSERVATIONAL OR SOCIAL LEARNING

Front 34

_________________ learning occurs when you see someone doing something with positive results and follow or imitate their actions in hopes of achieving the same results.

Back 34

OBSERVATIONAL OR SOCIAL LEARNING

Front 35

If you learned to fear electrical outlets after receiving an electric shock--the electrical outlet would be the ____________ _____________.

Back 35

CONDITIONED STIMULUS OR CS

Front 36

Thorndikes Law of Effect says this...

Back 36

Organisms will learn to perform responses that are rewarded.

Front 37

Give an example of negative reinforcement

Back 37

going to the dentist to get a tooth removed to get rid of a toothache.

i.e. the reward of negative reinforcement is taking away something negative or bothersome.

Front 38

______________ is a conditioned reinforcer for most people.

Back 38

MONEY

Front 39

___________________ is the name for the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 39

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

Front 40

When does negative reinforcement work best?

Back 40

WHEN THE AVERSIVE STIMULUS IS IMPOSED BY NATURAL OR IMPERSONAL CONDITIONS

Front 41

The cognitive view would argue that learning does not always change ____________ but it always produces changes in _____________ ___________

Back 41

BEHAVIOR, MENTAL ACTIVITY

Front 42

The capacity of an organism to form a "cognitive map" of their environment involves what part of the brain?

Back 42

THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Front 43

Studies of observational learning have demonstrated that...?

Back 43

LEARNING CAN OCCUR IN THE ABSENCE OF PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

(BUT PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ALWAYS LEADS TO LEARNING)

Front 44

______________ is an interpretive process.

Back 44

MEMORY

Front 45

The reason it may be difficult to remember how many rows of stars are on the U.S. falg or the exact details of a penny is because...?

Back 45

WE PAY LITTLE ATTENTION TO SUCH DETAILS.

Front 46

The key tasks of a memory system include...?

Back 46

ENCODING, STORAGE, RETRIEVAL

Front 47

Our memory ability is WORST at...?

Back 47

REMEMBERING INFORMATION THAT DOESN'T FIT WITH PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES.

Front 48

TRUE or FALSE? Encoding requires conscious attention?

Back 48

FALSE--Encoding does NOT require conscious attention.

Front 49

The memory process of elaboration resembles what Piagetian concept?

Back 49

ASSIMILATION

Front 50

TRUE or FALSE? Eidetic images are more abstract than other memories?

Back 50

FALSE

Front 51

The three memory stages, in order of processing are...?

Back 51

SENSORY, WORKING, (stm) and LONG-TERM (ltm)

Front 52

TRUE or FALSE? We are aware of the content of working memory?

Back 52

TRUE

Front 53

TRUE or FALSE? Working memory holds a limited amount of information for a few seconds?

Back 53

TRUE

Front 54

Repeating words over and over again in your mind to remember them is an example of what technique?

Back 54

MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL

Front 55

Working memory involves activity in circuits located in this area of the brain?

Back 55

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

Front 56

A guitarist uses _____________ memory to recall how to play the notes of a specific song

Back 56

PROCEDURAL

Front 57

________________ memory is the LTM subsystem that stores memory for how things are done?

Back 57

PROCEDURAL

Front 58

Memories of how much fun you had over last spring break is an example of:

Back 58

EPISODIC MEMORY

Front 59

________________ memory most clearly resembles an encyclopedia in terms of its content?

Back 59

SEMANTIC MEMORY

Front 60

Patient H.M. is unable to form _________________ memories as a result of removal of his _____________ and ______________?

Back 60

EPISODIC, HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA

Front 61

The (NS) or Neutral Stimulus always becomes the __________

Back 61

CS or CONDITIONED STIMULUS

Front 62

__________________ plays an important role in creting memories that have strong emotional associations.

Back 62

AMYGDALA

Front 63

______________ ________________ refers to the inability to form new memories?

Back 63

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Front 64

We usually have an enhanced ability to remember events that are ____________ ____________?

Back 64

EMOTIONALLY AROUSING

Front 65

Flashbulb memories are located in what part or type of memory___________

Back 65

LTM OR LONG-TERM MEMORY

Front 66

Flashbulb memories usually consist of some _____________ ________________and also involve unusual events.

Back 66

PERSONAL INVOLVEMENT

Front 67

An observable behavior is also called an _______________

Back 67

OPERANT

Front 68

First stage of classical conditioning is called?

Back 68

ACQUISITION

Front 69

The brain senses the world indirectly because the sense organs convert____________ into _______________ ______________

Back 69

STIMULATION, NEURAL MESSAGES

Front 70

______________ refers to the transformation of stimulus information into nerve signals.

Back 70

TRANSDUCTION

Front 71

Where do sensory pathways carry information to and from?

Back 71

FROM THE SENSE ORGANS TO THE BRAIN

Front 72

____________ _____________ refers to the least amount of stimulation that your perceptual system can detect about half of the time.

Back 72

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

Front 73

Water in a swimming pool that seems warmer after swimming for awhile than when you first jumped in is an example of ___________ ____________?

Back 73

SENSORY ADAPTATION

Front 74

____________ is a process that adds meaning to incoming information obtained by the sensory systems

Back 74

PERCEPTION

Front 75

When you hear the sound of a tree falling in the forest, the brain has received nothing but what?

Back 75

NEURAL ACTIVITY IN THE SENSORY PATHWAYS

Front 76

______________ _______________ refers to the smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected half the time OR the smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can still be recognized as a difference.
***Note: this is the same as the Just Noticeable Difference or (JND)

Back 76

DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD

Front 77

The minimal amount of change in stimulus that is still recognizable is called the ____________ ____________ _____________ **Note this is the same as the Difference Threshold

Back 77

JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND)

Front 78

Weber's law states ...

Back 78

The size of a Just Noticeable Difference or JND is proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.

If a stimulus such as t.v. volume is very high -- you will have to turn it down a lot to make the difference noticeable. If the volume is very low a small adjustment is needed to make a noticeable difference.

Front 79

_________ __________ ___________ says that sensation is a judgement the sensory system makes about an incoming situation...

Ex: whether to pay attention to a sound in the middle of the night or go back to bed

Back 79

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

Front 80

Signal Detection Theory shows that there is ____________ in human judgement

Back 80

VARIABILITY

Front 81

TRUE or FALSE
Each sense extracts different information and sends it to its own specialized processing region in the brain?

Back 81

TRUE

Front 82

___________ ________________ is the idea that colors are sensed by (3) different types of cones sensitive to the light in RED, BLUE, and GREEN wavelengths

Back 82

TRICHROMATIC THEORY

Front 83

___________-_____________ ___________ says that humans have a neural gate that can, in some circumstances, block incoming pain signals.

Back 83

GATE-CONTROL THEORY

Front 84

Pain signals are routed to or are sensed in which area of the brain?

Back 84

ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX located along the fissure separating the frontal lobes.

Front 85

TRUE or FALSE?
Gestalt Psychologists believed that much of perception is shaped by innate factors built into the brain

Back 85

TRUE

Front 86

_____________ is the Gestalt principle that identifies the tendency to fill in gaps in figures and to see incomplete figures as complete

Back 86

CLOSURE

Front 87

Max ______________ was a Gestalt psychologist

Back 87

WERTHEIMER

Front 88

The LAWS OF PERCEPTUAL GROUPING include these (4) Gestalt principles...

Back 88

SIMILARITY, PROXIMITY, CONTINUITY, and COMMON FATE

Front 89

The Gestalt principle that states that we tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions is ______________?

Back 89

SIMILARITY

Front 90

The Gestatlt principle that states that we tend to group objects together when they are near or close to each other is _____________

Back 90

PROXIMITY

Front 91

The Gestalt principle that states that we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones is _________________

Back 91

LAW OF CONTINUITY

Front 92

The Gestalt principle that states that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination is the

Back 92

LAW OF COMMON FATE
Ex: school of fish, gaggle of geese, or marching band

Front 93

What does Pragnanz mean?

Back 93

"meaningfulness"

Front 94

The law of Pragnanz states that...

Back 94

We perceive the simplest pattern possible-- or the one requiring the least effort

Front 95

Looking for a friend's face in a crowd is an example of this type of processing?

Back 95

TOP-DOWN

Front 96

The illusion in the Hermann grid operates at the level of ______________?

Back 96

SENSATION

Front 97

The faces/vases image illustrates ______________ and ______________?

Back 97

FIGURE and GROUND

Front 98

Friends who can fill in conversational gaps is an example of which Gestalt principle?

Back 98

CLOSURE

Front 99

The Ponzo illusion (railroad tracks that appear to get narrower) illustrates what about perception?

Back 99

THAT PERCEPTION IS NOT AN EXACT INTERNAL COPY OF THE WORLD.

Front 100

________________ is the only sense that does not relay information through the thalamus?

Back 100

OLFACTION (smell)

Front 101

Perceptions that you have to think about first are this type--

Back 101

TOP-DOWN

Front 102

___________ is commonly experienced when a stimulus is ambiguous, information is missing, elements are combined in unusual ways, or familiar patterns are not apparent?

Back 102

An ILLUSION

Front 103

TRUE or FALSE?
Cultural factors can influence a person's perception of distance

Back 103

TRUE

Front 104

Darker spots on ceiling tiles that stand out against a background of smaller, lighter ones, is an example of which Gestalt principle?

Back 104

THE LAW OF SIMILARITY

Front 105

_______________ is a lasting change in behavior that results from experience

Back 105

LEARNING
**learning always stems from experience,but not every experience results in learning

Front 106

The two main types of learning are:

Back 106

BEHAVIORAL LEARNING and COGNITIVE LEARNING

Front 107

_______________ is learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

Back 107

HABITUATION

Front 108

This effect is a learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed

Back 108

MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT

Front 109

Classical conditioning and operant conditioning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses are this type of learning?

Back 109

BEHAVIORAL

Front 110

Pavlov's dogs is an example of this type of behavioral learning known as _____________ conditioning

Back 110

CLASSICAL

Front 111

Classical conditioning is a form of behavioral learning in which a previously _____________ stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus

Back 111

NEUTRAL

Front 112

______________ is any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning

Back 112

NEUTRAL STIMULUS (NS)
NS always becomes the CS

Front 113

In classical conditioning, _________________ is the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.

Back 113

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)

Front 114

In classical conditioning, _____________ is the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Back 114

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR)

Front 115

_______________ is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning, during which the conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Back 115

ACQUISITION

Front 116

In classical conditioning, ____________ is a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned response. The neutral stimulus is called this when it is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Back 116

CONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS)

Ex: the bell or tone in Pavlov's dogs

Front 117

In classical conditioning, _______________ is a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Back 117

CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

EX: In Pavlov's dogs--salivation became the conditioned response to the bell--which used to be an (NS) or neutral stimulus starting out and became a conditioned stimulus or CS

Front 118

In classical conditioning, _________________ is the weakening of a conditioned response or CR in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus or UCS

Back 118

EXTINCTION

Front 119

________________ is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay

Back 119

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Front 120

What waa the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)in Pavlov's dogs? and Why?

Back 120

What: The meat powder (food)

Why? Because it automatically elicited an uncondtioned response (salivation) that occured with no prior learning.

Front 121

What was the unconditioned response (UCR) in Pavlov's dogs?

Back 121

salivation--

IT was an automatic, instinctual, unlearned response.

Front 122

What was the neutral stimulus (NS)in Pavlov's dogs?

Back 122

The bell or tone because prior to learning it was meaningless.

Front 123

What became the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's dogs?

Back 123

The bell or tone--because the dogs learned to associate the sound of the tone/bell with the presentation of meat powder (food)

Front 124

What became the condtioned response (CR) in PAvlov's dogs?

Back 124

Salivation --because the dogs learned or were conditioned to salivate whenever they heard the bell/tone.

Front 125

Which type of conditioning would help understand why a child who after a painful dental visit, has learned to fear the dentist is

Back 125

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Front 126

The responses in classical conditioning were initially _________ __________

Back 126

INNATE REFLEXES

Front 127

If you learned to fear electrical outlets after getting a painful shock--the conditioned stimulus or (CS) would be what?

Back 127

THE ELECTRICAL OUTLET

Front 128

TRUE or FALSE
Food is likely to be an uncondtioned stimulus (UCS) involved in classical conditioning

Back 128

TRUE because food often elicits an unconditioned response or one that is automatic and reflexive and does not have to be learned.

Front 129

_______________ learning is a biological tendency in which an organism learns after a single experience to avoid food with a certain taste, if eating is followed by an illness

Back 129

TASTE-AVERSION LEARNING

Ex: Dan avoids spaghetti all the time after getting sick once from spaghetti

Front 130

In _________________ conditioning, the ______________ of behavior, such as rewards and punishments, influence the chance that the behavior will occur again

Back 130

OPERANT, CONSEQUENCES

Front 131

______________ is an observable, voluntary behavior that a person does to effect their environment

Back 131

OPERANT

Front 132

______________ condtioning is a form of behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences, or by the stimuli that follow the response.

Back 132

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Front 133

Thorndike's law of ____________ states that responses that produce desireable results will be learned or "stamped" into an organism

Back 133

EFFECT

Front 134

_____________ occur after a response and strenthen that response

Back 134

REINFORCERS

Front 135

________________ is a stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability that the response will happen again

Back 135

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Ex: Employee gets a bonus or praise and continues to work hard--

The bonus and praise is the addition.

Front 136

________________ is the removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus contingent upon a particular behavior

Back 136

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

EX: If I go to the dentist, my toothache will be gone.

If I take an aspirin my headache will go away

If I put on an eye mask, the bright light will be gone and I can fall asleep.

Front 137

The operant chamber, a boxlike apparatus that can deliver reinforcers or punishers based on animal behavior is often called a_______________ _____________

Back 137

"SKINNER BOX"

Front 138

Primary reinforcers have an innate basis because of their biological value to an organism. Name (2) examples.

Back 138

FOOD and SEX

Front 139

Conditioned or secondary reinforcers acquire their reinforcing power by a learned association. Name two examples:

Back 139

MONEY, GRADES

Front 140

the extension of a learned respose to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus is called _____________ ____________.

Back 140

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

EX: Responding in fear to spiders of different sizes, species, and markings.

Front 141

___________ ________________ occurs when an organism learns to respond to one particular stimulus.

Back 141

STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
Ex: Dr. Pedro's dogs can tell the difference between his car arriving home and other cars.

Front 142

The ______________ principle uses a preferred activity to reinforce a less preferred activity.

Back 142

Premack

Ex: Telling Avery he can play video games (preferred activity) if he completes his homework (less preferred activity)

Front 143

___________ ia an aversive stimulus which occurs after a response and diminishes the likelihood that the response will occur again.

Back 143

PUNISHMENT

Front 144

________________ is the application of an aversive stimulus after a response.

Back 144

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

Ex: getting a ticket after going through a red light decreases the probability that it will occur again.

Front 145

_______________ is the removal of an attractive stimulus after a response

Back 145

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

Ex: missing dinner because you come home late--decreases the probability that you will come home late--or that the behavior will reoccur.

Front 146

Punishments ____________ the probability that a behavior will occur again. Reinforcers _______________ the probability that a behavior will occur again

Back 146

DECREASE, INCREASE

Front 147

Thorndike's law of effect says that an organism will learn to perform responses that are _______________

Back 147

REWARDED

Front 148

Operant conditioning, in contrast with classical conditioning, emphasizes events that occur ____________ the behavior

Back 148

AFTER

Front 149

______________ learning also called ___________ learning is a form of cognitive learning in which new responses are acquired after watching other people's behavior and it's consequences.

Back 149

OBSERVATIONAL, SOCIAL

Ex: After seeing someone receive extra money from an ATM machine--you try to do the same thing to get the same result.

Front 150

Tolman's rats were able to take the shortest detour around a barrier, thus they had developed ______________?

Back 150

COGNITIVE MAPS

Front 151

Bandura is associated with what experiment?

Back 151

THE CHILDREN WATCHING VIOLENT VIDEOS AND THEN ACTING OUT ON THE BOBO DOLL

Front 152

A chimpanzee using a pile of boxes and a stick to get food hung high in its cage is an example of ____________ __________ _____________?

Back 152

HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

Front 153

________________ taught that psychology should involve only the analysis of observable stimuli and responses?

Back 153

SKINNER

Front 154

According to Thorndike, rewarded responses are "stamped in" while unrewarded or punished responses are eliminated. He called this the ___________________

Back 154

LAW OF EFFECT

Front 155

Getting $500.00 for a week's work is an example of what?

Back 155

A REINFORCEMENT CONTINGENCY

Front 156

TRUE OR FALSE?
Intense punishment is effective

Back 156

FALSE

Front 157

According to the Premack Principle, a reinforcer can be the opportunity to engage in any behavior ________________ performed by the individual

Back 157

FREQUENTLY

Front 158

In Bandura's experiment with the BoBo doll, aggressive behavior resulted from _______________ learning

Back 158

OBSERVATIONAL or SOCIAL

Front 159

During classical conditioning, for an organism to learn a conditioned association between two stimuli, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must seem to be predicted by the ___________

Back 159

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Example the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (meat powder/food) was predicted by the conditioned stimulus CS the tone or bell

Front 160

According to cognitive psychologists, some forms of learning must be explained as changes in _________ ______________ rather than as changes in behavior alone.

Back 160

MENTAL PROCESSES

Front 161

TRUE or FALSE
With regard to learning styles people fall neatly into distinct learning style categories

Back 161

FALSE - Many people fall into more than one learning style category

Auditory/Visual etc.

Front 162

_______________ is any system, human, animal, or machine, that encodes, stores, and retrieves information

Back 162

MEMORY

Front 163

The three memory tasks are:

Back 163

ENCODING, STORAGE, AND RETRIEVAL

Front 164

WHY IS THE VIDEO RECORDER THEORY OF MEMORY INACCURATE?

Back 164

BECAUSE MEMORY, LIKE PERCEPTION IS AN INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIENCE

Front 165

Identifying unique markings on your cat occurs in which memory process task?

Back 165

ENCODING

Front 166

TRUE or FALSE
Human memory reconstructs material during retrieval?

Back 166

TRUE

Front 167

Connecting a new concept with existing information in memory or a new idea to old concepts is called ________________ and occurs in the ________________ memory process task

Back 167

ELABORATION, ENCODING

Front 168

The Three memory stages are:

Back 168

SENSORY MEMORY, WORKING MEMORY, and LONG-TERM MEMORY

Front 169

_________________ amnesia is the inability to form memories for NEW information

Back 169

ANTEROGRADE

Front 170

________________ amnesia is the inability to remember information already or previously stored in memory

Back 170

RETROGRADE

Front 171

_________________ memory is a clear and vivid long-term (LTM) memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event

Back 171

FLASHBULB

Front 172

A memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness is called a ___________ memory?

Back 172

IMPLICIT

EX: Procedural memories are often implicit-- knowing the color of a certain building or moving your body.

Front 173

A memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled is called an ________________ memory?

Back 173

EXPLICIT

Ex: knowing the material you have studied for the Psychology exam.

Explicit memories always involve consciousness during retrieval.

Front 174

_____________ memory is a division of LTM also known as fact memory. It stores explicit information and has (2) subdivisions--Episodic Memory and Semantic Memory.

Back 174

DECLARITIVE

Front 175

The two sub-divisions of declaritive memory are _____________ and ______________

Back 175

EPISODIC and SEMANTIC

Front 176

_______________ memory is a subdivision of ______________ memory and stores memories of personal events or "episodes"

Back 176

EPISODIC, DECLARITIVE

Ex: of Episodic: memories of a vacation or a love affair.

Front 177

_______________ is a sub-division of Declaritive memory that stores general knowledge, including the meaning of words and concepts?

Back 177

SEMANTIC

EX: the concepts for Chapter 7 in Psychology

Front 178

Long Term Memory is divided into what two sub-divisions?

Back 178

DECLARATIVE and PROCEDURAL MEMORY

EX: Declaritive is knowing what--sub-divided into Semantic and Episodic and Procedural is knowing how--

Procedural includes memory for motor skills and classical and operant conditioning

Front 179

Procedural memory is a division of LTM that deals with knowing how to do things and includes memory for what three areas?

Back 179

CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING, AND MOTOR SKILLS

Front 180

Which part of the memory is considered the "bottleneck" in the memory system because it has the smallest capacity?

Back 180

WORKING MEMORY

Front 181

Which part of LTM stores autobiographical information?

Back 181

EPISODIC MEMORY

Front 182

In order to get material into permanent storage it must be made meaningful while it is in _________________ memory

Back 182

WORKING

Front 183

________________ Rehearsal is the process in which information is actively reviewed and related to information already in LTM

Back 183

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

Front 184

Name the "Seven Sins of Memory"

Back 184

Transience, Absent-Mindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestability, Bias, and Persistence

Front 185

The sin of memory that says that long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time is called

Back 185

TRANSIENCE

Front 186

The forgetting curve is ________ at first and becomes more level as time goes on.

Back 186

STEEP

Front 187

The sin of memory that is characterized by forgetting caused by lapses in attention

Back 187

ABSENT-MINDEDNESS

Front 188

The sin of memory that occurs when an item cannot be accessed or retrieved because of interference is called ________________

Back 188

BLOCKING

Front 189

The two types of blocking are _______________ interference and ________________ interference?

Back 189

PROACTIVE and RETROACTIVE

Front 190

_____________ interference occurs when previously stored information prevents learning and remembering NEW information

Back 190

PROACTIVE

Front 191

________________ interference occurs when newly learned information prevents the retrieval of previously stored material

Back 191

RETROACTIVE

Front 192

The sin of memory that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person is called _______________

Back 192

MISATTRIBUTION

Front 193

The sin of memory in which memories are distorted by deliberate or inadvertant suggestion is known as _______________?

Back 193

SUGGESTABILITY

Front 194

The two types of blocking are _______________ interference and ________________ interference?

Back 194

PROACTIVE and RETROACTIVE

Front 195

_____________ interference occurs when previously stored information prevents learning and remembering NEW information

Back 195

PROACTIVE

Front 196

________________ interference occurs when newly learned information prevents the retrieval of previously stored material

Back 196

RETROACTIVE

Front 197

The sin of memory that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person is called _______________

Back 197

MISATTRIBUTION

Front 198

The sin of memory in which memories are distorted by suggestion or misinformation is known as _______________?

Back 198

SUGGESTABILITY

Front 199

The memory sin that refers to the influence of personal beliefs, attitudes, and experiences on memory is called _____________

Back 199

BIAS

Front 200

The two types of bias are _____________ and ________________?

Back 200

SELF-CONSISTENCY BIAS and EXPECTANCY BIAS

Front 201

______________ bias refers to the tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations?

Back 201

EXPECTANCY

Front 202

_________________ refers to the commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, beliefs, and opinions than we actually are?

Back 202

SELF_CONSISTENCY BIAS

Front 203

The sin of memory where unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind is called

Back 203

PERSISTENCE

EX: When we can't forget--depressed people always thinking negative thoughts--becoming obsessed with phobias like spiders or snakes

Front 204

In Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve we forget __________ at first and then more slowly as time goes on

Back 204

RAPIDLY

Front 205

Which kind of forgetting is involved when the Sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology that I am studying today ?

Back 205

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

Front 206

The term for the controversial notion that memories can be blocked off in the unconscious where they may cause physical and mental problems is _____________

Back 206

REPRESSION

Advocated by Freud

Front 207

Which one of the "seven sins" of memory is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can, in many cases, be recovered during adulthood?

Back 207

SUGGESTIBILITY

Front 208

Which one of the "sins" of memory helps us avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before?

Back 208

PERSISTENCE

Front 209

There is no meaning attached to information when it is in ____________ memory?

Back 209

SENSORY

Front 210

Knowledge of how to use a can opener, boot up the computer, and program a VCR are all examples of this type of memory?

Back 210

PROCEDURAL

Front 211

H.M.'s ______________ memory was more profoundly affected by the surgery than was his _____________ memory

Back 211

EPISODIC, PROCEDURAL

Front 212

Looking in a drawer for silverware in the location it used to be in in your old kitchen even though you now live in a new house is an example of what?

Back 212

BLOCKING--PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

The old information of where the silverware used to be is preventing you from remembering the new information of where the silverware is now.

Front 213

Thinking of specific examples of items for concepts you want to remember for a test is an example of ______________

Back 213

ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

Front 214

Classical conditioning involves the association of what two stimuli before the response or behavior?

Back 214

UCS (unconditioned stimulus) (food) and CS (conditioned stimulus) (tone/bell)