Psio 201 Exam 2

Front 1

Skeletal system

Back 1

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, other CT that attach bones to each other

Front 2

Bone

Back 2

Each is an organ w/ CT, blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, cartilage, CT coverings

Front 3

Skeletal system fn

Back 3

Support

Protection

Mineral storage

Triglyceride storage

Red & white blood cell formation (hemopoiesis)

Leverage (assist in mvmt)

Front 4

Periosteum

Back 4

CT membrane covering external surface of bone

Cont w/ tendons, CT of joints

Attached to bone matrix via perforating fibers

2 layers: outer fibrous & inner osteogenic

Front 5

Endosteum

Back 5

Lining inner surface of bone including marrow cavity, trabecullae of spongy bone, canals of compact bone

Contains osteogenic cells-important for bone growth & remodeling

Front 6

Osteogenic cells

Back 6

Stem cells formed from mesenchyme (embryonic CT)

Front 7

Osteoblasts

Back 7

Cells build bone=bone formation

Syn organic components of matrix

Initiate calcification-take Ca from blood & deposit w/in matrix by exocytosis

Immature cells

Front 8

Osteocytes

Back 8

Mature cell involved in maintenance of bone tissue

Sense bone microdamage & mechanical forces on bone & signals for repair

Front 9

Osteoclasts

Back 9

Break down bone=bone resorption

Release proteolytic enzymes & acids to degrade collagen & release minerals to blood

Derived from myloid stem cells

Front 10

Bone modeling

Back 10

Bone formed by osteoblasts w/out prior bone resorption

Happens during growth

Produces chg in bone size & shape

Front 11

Bone remodeling

Back 11

Bone first resorbed by osteoclasts & then formed in same location by osteoblasts

Happens throughout life

Front 12

Goal of modeling/remodeling

Back 12

Achieve strength for loading & lightness for mobility

Front 13

Extracellular matrix

Back 13

Organic- ground sub & collagen fiber

Inorganic- water & hydroxyapatite

Front 14

Organic components

Back 14

Ground sub- GAG

Glycoproteins-polysaccaride + protein

Negatively charged

Collagen fiber

Fibrous protein arranged in helical form

Resistant to pulling forces

Provides flexibility & framework for deposition of Ca crystals

Front 15

Inorganic components

Back 15

Water- attracted to ground sub

Makes up 25% of extracellular matrix

Hydroxyapatite- Ca phosphate & Ca hydroxide + other minerals & ions

Forms mineral plates called hydroxyapatite platelets

Front 16

Organization of organic/inorganic components

Back 16

Salts (hydroxyapatite) deposited w/in collagen fiber

As hydroxyapatite condenses, other inorganic salts & ions percipitate in matrix to fill spaces w/in collagen fiber

Front 17

Collagen & minerals

Back 17

Collagen- flexibility

Minerals- firmness

Front 18

Rickets

Back 18

Inorganic component deficient

Ca deficiency due to lack of vitamin D leads to flexible bones

Front 19

Scurvy

Back 19

Organic component deficient

Prob w/ collagen syn due to vitamin C deficiency leads to brittle bones that can fracture easily

Front 20

Spongy bone

Back 20

Irregular lattice of thin plates (trabecullae)

Osteocytes housed in lacunae

Epiphysis of long bone, surrounding marrow cavities, flat, short, Irregular bones

W/stand force from many directions

Lightens skeleton

Contains red marrow from hemopoiesis

Front 21

Compact bone

Back 21

Solid network of bone organized in concentric ring structures (osteon)

External layer of all bones, diaphysis of long bones

Gives long bones ability w/stand forces along longitudinal axis

Front 22

Infant Bone formation

Back 22

Fontanels (soft spot)

Epiphyseal of long bone made of cartilage

Epiphyseal plates stay cartilage until adulthood

Front 23

Fetus bones

Back 23

Composed of loose CT (mesenchyme) & hyaline cartilage

Front 24

Ossification

Back 24

Replacement of CT by bone

Begins during 2nd month of develop

Intramembranous & endochondral

Front 25

Intramembranous

Back 25

W/in membrane

Mesenchyme--->bone

Cranial bones, mandible, sternum, clavicle

Develop ossification center

Calcification

Form trabecullae (spongy bone)

Develop periosteum

Front 26

Endochondral ossification

Back 26

Inside cartilage

Mesenchyme-->cartilage-->bone

Most bones in body

Growth in length at epiphyseal plate

Front 27

Calcification

Back 27

Deposition of Ca

Front 28

Growth of cartilage

Back 28

Interstitial growth

Appositional growth

Front 29

Interstitial growth

Back 29

W/in cartilage

Length at epiphyseal plate

Front 30

Appositional growth

Back 30

Outer surface

Width

Front 31

Fractures

Back 31

Break in continuity of bone rendering structurally incompetent

Front 32

Traumatic fracture

Back 32

Normal bone experiencing abnormal forces

Front 33

Pathologic fracture

Back 33

Abnormal bone experiencing normal forces

Front 34

Gross incomplete fracture

Back 34

Bone partially broken in continuity

Greenstick-incomplete results in bent bone in child/youths

Front 35

Gross complete fracture

Back 35

Loss in continuity

Front 36

Gross non-displaced fracture

Back 36

Complete fracture result in speration of broken bone pieces from ea other

Front 37

Gross displaced fracture

Back 37

Complete fracture result in seperation of 1 broken piece from other

Front 38

Gross simple (closed) fracture

Back 38

Complete, displaced neither broken piece of bone breaks skin

Front 39

Gross open (compound) fracture

Back 39

Complete, displaced 1 or more broken pieces of bone break skin

Front 40

Repair for bone fractures

Back 40

Formation of fracture hematoma

Fibrocartilage callus formation

Bony callus formation

Bone remodeling

Front 41

Treatmemt for bone fractures

Back 41

Immobilization

Reduction

Closed-setting&splinting bone for natural healing

Open-surgical use of rods, plates, pins,etc position bone & bone fragments correctly for proper healing

Front 42

Factors that influence bone

Back 42

Dietary:minerals & vitamins

Hormones

Exercise

Front 43

Dietary

Back 43

Minerals: Ca & P (also Mg, F, Mn)

Vitamins: A-stim osteoblast activ

C- needed for collage syn

D- stim Ca absorption

K,B12- need for syn bone proteins

Front 44

Ca homeostasis

Back 44

Goal: reg blood Ca w/in norm range (8.5-11.0 mg/dl)

Why- Ca important physiological role: membrane excitability(blood clotting) & intercellular activ(2nd messenger)

How- control Ca entry into & exit from blood: bone storage, intestinal absorption, kidney excretion

Front 45

Hormones involved in Ca homeostasis

Back 45

Calcitonin

Parathyroid hormone

Calcitriol (vitamin D)

Front 46

Calcitonin

Back 46

Stim: high blood Ca

Source: thyroid gland (parafollicular cell)

Target tissue: bone, kidney, intestine

Actions (goal to decrease bone resorption): inhibit osteoclast activity, increase excretion of Ca at kidney, inhibit absorption of Ca at intestine

End result: decrease blood Ca

Front 47

Parathyroid hormone

Back 47

Stim: low blood Ca

Source: parathyroid gland

Target tissue: bone, kidney, intestine

Actions (goal to increase Ca): stim osteoclast activity, decrease excretion of Ca at kidney, stim intestinal absorption of Ca & promote calcitriol (vit D) action

End result: increase blood Ca

Front 48

Vitamin D

Back 48

Calcitriol: active form of vit D

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3

Vit D steroid hormone- derived from cholesterol (lipophilic/hydrophobic)

Front 49

Actions of calcitriol (active form of vit D)

Back 49

Stim osteoclast activ (increase bone resorption)

Decrease Ca excretion at kidney

Increase Ca absorption at intestine (works well with PTH stim absorption)

End result: increase blood Ca

Front 50

How much Ca should you have per day?

Back 50

Young adults(19-50) need 1000mg Ca from diet&sup to avoid bone loss

Front 51

Hormones that influence bone

Back 51

Calcitonin & PTH = osteoclasts

Growth hormone(somatotropin) & estrogen/testosterone = osteoblasts

Front 52

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

Back 52

Stim cell growth & protein syn (collagen)

Stim form of insulin like growth factors (IGFs) --> stim osteoblast activ --> stim bone form

Front 53

Skeletal disorders associated w/ GH

Back 53

Pituitary dwarfism

Pituitary giantism

Acromegaly

Front 54

Pituitary dwarfism

Back 54

Children w/ low levels of growth hormone--> slow epiphyseal growth (short stature)

Front 55

Pituitary giantism

Back 55

Hypersection of growth hormone in childhood--> accelerated epiphyseal growth (tall stature)

Front 56

Acromegaly

Back 56

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty--> appositional growth (thickening of bones) in skull, hands, feet--> epiphyseal plates of long bones already closed

Front 57

Estrogen/testosterone

Back 57

Both stim osteoblast activity--> stim bone form

Levels increase at puberty: bone growth/height spurts, eventually cause closure of epiphyseal plates because osteoblast/osteoclast activity slightly greater than chondrocyte activ

Levels decrease w/ older age

Front 58

Effect of exercise on bone

Back 58

Bone will chg in response to stresses

1. Muscle pulling on bone --> joint rxn forces

2. Impact --> ground rxn forces

Front 59

Spongy vs compact

Back 59

Spongy- more metabolically active- can respond to chgs in mechanical loading more readily

Most likely sites of fracture areas w/ high spongy bone content (hip, wrist, spine)

Front 60

Role of exercise

Back 60

Goal: reach fracture threshold later in life

Early- increase peak bone mass

Later- prevent bone loss

Other benefits- fall prevention

- improved strength, balance, coordination

Front 61

Bone estrogen strength training (BEST) study

Back 61

Postmenopausal women (N=266)

Split into exercise & control groups

Exercisers trained 3x per week, 2 sets of 8-10 reps for ea exercise at 70-80% rep max

All subjects took Ca supplements

Front 62

BEST study strength training exercises

Back 62

Wall squat/ smith squat

One arm military press

Leg press

Lat pull down

Seated row

Back extension

Front 63

Effects of exercise on bone

Back 63

Front 64

Osteoporosis

Back 64

Porous bone--> increased fracture risk

Proportion of collagen & minerals norm but decrease in mass

Front 65

What causes reduced bone mass?

Back 65

Any factor stimulates bone resorption or inhibits formation

Ostoclast activ>osteoblast activ

(Bone resorp) (bone form)

Front 66

Osteoporosis risk factors

Back 66

Front 67

Articulation

Back 67

Point of contact between:

1. Bones (elbow)

2. Bones & cartilage (epiphyseal plates)

3. Bones and teeth

Front 68

Structural classification of joints based on anatomical structure

Back 68

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Front 69

Functional classification of joints based on amount of mvmt at joint

Back 69

Immovable-->synarthrosis

Slightly movable--> amphiarthrosis

Freely movable-->diarthrosis

Front 70

Types of synarthroses

Back 70

Front 71

Types of amphiarthrosis

Back 71

Front 72

Types of diarthrosis

Back 72

Hint 72

Front 73

Structure of diarthrosis (synovial joint)

Back 73

Front 74

Functions of synovial fluid

Back 74

1. Lubricates joint

2. Provides nutrients to articular cartilage (avascular)

3. Shock absorption

Front 75

Accessory structures of synovial joint

Back 75

Ligaments:intracapsular & extracapsular

Tendons

Bursae

Meniscus

Labrum

Front 76

Shoulder joint

Back 76

Front 77

Shoulder joint ligaments

Back 77

Front 78

Shoulder joint tendons

Back 78

Front 79

Elbow joint

Back 79

Front 80

Knee joint

Back 80

Front 81

Knee joint extracapsular ligaments

Back 81

Front 82

Knee joint intracapsular ligament

Back 82

Front 83

Temporomandibular joint

Back 83

Only moveable joint of skull

Mandibular condyle of mandible & mandibular fossa of temporal bone

TMJ syndrome- pain associated w/ muscle spasm (muscles pull joint out of alignment)

Front 84

Articulations of thoracic vertebrae

Back 84