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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sensation
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the process by which our sense organs recieve infor form the enviorment
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perception
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process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory inputs
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psychophysics
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the study of how stimuli are translated into pscyhological experience
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3 principles w/regard to sensation and perception
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1) there is no 1-1 conrrespondence between physical and psychological reality
2) sensation and perception are active processes 3) sensation and perception are adaptive |
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sensory receptors
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translate energy in the enviorment into neural impulses - detet physical energy - tuned to a particlar form of energy (ex: auditory recpetors)
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transduction
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the process by which physical energy is converted into electro-chemical energy
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2 types of sensory thresholds
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1) absolute - minimum amount of physical energy needed for an observer to notice a stumulus (50% detection rate)
2)Just Notcieable Diff(JND) - lowest level of stimulatoin requred to sense change |
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Weber's Law
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JND in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original
ex: 2 candles, + 1 to acheive JND ex: 100 candles, +50 to achieve JND |
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subliminal perception
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what happens when/if sensation and perception takes place w/out awareness (or below threshold)
ex: music,movies (lion king) |
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vision - electromagnetic radiation
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1 form that we are used to - vision is adaptive and functional
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light detection is useful b/c - 3 ways
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1) light travels rapidly
2) light travels in straight lines 3)light interacts w/the surfaces of objs in the enviorment (reflec/absorb) |
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wavelength/amplitude/purity
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color/brightness/saturation
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cornea
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where light enters the eye - tough transparent tissue that covers and protects
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pupil
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adjustable openening which regulates/where light enters the eye
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iris
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muscle that controls opening of pupil - resonds to light intensity - unique
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lens
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bio-crystallin structure that focuses light rays onto the retina - change shape to focus
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accommodation
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process in which the lens changes its shape and bends light rays so that objs are in focus
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retina
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multilayered photo sensitive tissue lining the back surface of the eyeball; an extension of the brain
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optic disk
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where the optic nerve leaves the eye
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blind spot
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the pt. on retina where optic nerve cells leave the eye and where theare are no reciptor cells
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receptor cells - 2
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1) rods - black and white vision/found in periphery of retina/sensitive to moviement
2) cones - color and daylight/found in center/sensitive to fine detail |
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young-helmholt's trichromatic theory of color vision and problems with this theory - basic level
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color is explained by differential activation of 3 color elements in the eye - RGB
1)S-cones:blue 2)M-cones:green 3)L-cones:red problems: aferimages left unexplained - included predictable color diff |
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hering's opponent process theory of color vision - higher level
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visual elements are grouped into 3 pairs 1)RG 2)BY 3)BW
explains complimentary color phenomenom |
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auditory system
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1)amplitude-loudness
2)wavelenght-pitch 3)complexity/purity-timbre - quality of a sound(ex. same note played on a piano & flute) |
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external ear - 2
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1)pinna - funnels sounds waves into the ear
2)auditory canal - a passageway where sound waves resonate & are amplified |
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middle ear - 2
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1)eardrum/tympanic membrane - oscillates in response to sound waves
2)ossicles - three tiny bones (anvil, hammer, stirrup)- sound waves get further amplified |
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inner ear - 3
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1) semicircular canals - balance
2)cochlea - 3 chambered tube shaped like a snail involved in the transduction of sound 3)basilar membrane - containes the hair cells stimulated by sound |
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skin senses - 3
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1) touch
2) temp 3) pain |
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pain is influenced by...
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culutral beliefs
ex:woman pregnancies |
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pain is...
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adaptive to a degree
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gate control theory
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emphasizes the role of the central nervous system in regulating pain - a pattern of nueral activity that inhibits incoming pain signals
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form perception
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the organiation of sensations into meaningful shapes and pattern
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gastalt laws of organization -2
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1) perceptions are not merely due to elementary sensation
2) the whole is > than the sum |
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gestalt principles of form perception - 6
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1) figure ground perception
2) similarity 3) proximity 4) good continuation 5) simplicity 6) closure |
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depth perception
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organization of perception in 3-D/ we make 3-D judgements based on 2-D retinal image via bonocular and monocular cues, auditry systeam and kinesthetic sensations
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interposition
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one obj blocks another
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elevation
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objs farther away are highter on plane of view
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linear persepctive
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parallel lines converge in distance
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texture gradient
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texture of dist objs appears to be finer rather than coarser
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shading
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brain interprets shading diff toward top/ bottom of obj
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aerial persepctive
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far objs are fuzzy
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familiar size
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familiar objs that appear small are inferred to be distant
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relative size
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when looking @ 3 objs of known similar size, the smaller is seen as farther away
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perceptual constancy
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the perception of objs as relatively stable despite changes in the stumualtion of sensory receptors
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color constancy
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tendency to perceive obj color as table under conditions of changing illumination
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shape constancy
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we maintain constant perception of shape of objs, depsite the fact that the same obj typically produces a new & diff impression on the retina everytime we encounter it
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size constancy
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objs do not differ in size when viewed from diff distances
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top down perceptual processing
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starts with observer's expectations/knowledge
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schemas
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top down perceptual processing/ mental represantations of what we expect or what we know about a situation
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bottom up perceptual processing
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processing that begins w/raw sensory data that feed up the brain / "feature detectors"
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