Psc 41 Midterm 1

Front 1

skeptic

Back 1

a person who questions the validity, authenticity, or truth of something purporting to be factual

Front 2

hypothesis

Back 2

prediction regarding outcome of a study involving potential relationship between at least 2 variables

Front 3

variable

Back 3

event or behavior that has at leats 2 values

Front 4

theory

Back 4

an organized system of assumption and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related

Front 5

pseudoscience

Back 5

claims that appear to be scientific but that actually violate the criteria of science

Front 6

basic research

Back 6

the study of psychological issues to seek knowledge for its own sake

Front 7

applied research

Back 7

the study of psychological issues that have practical significane and potential solutions

Front 8

description

Back 8

carefully observing behavior in order to describe it

Front 9

prediction

Back 9

identifying the factors that indicate when an event or events will occur

Front 10

explanation

Back 10

causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs

Front 11

observational

Back 11

making observations of human or animal behavior

Front 12

naturalistic observation

Back 12

observing behavior of humans or animals in their natural habitat

Front 13

laboratory observation

Back 13

observing the behavior of humans or animals in a more contrived and controlled situation, usually the laboratory

Front 14

case study method

Back 14

an in-depth study of one or more individuals

Front 15

survey method

Back 15

questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their responses

Front 16

sample

Back 16

the group of people who participate in a study

Front 17

population

Back 17

all of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize

Front 18

random sample

Back 18

random selection in which each member of the ppulation is equally likely to be chosen

Front 19

correlational method

Back 19

assess the degree of relationship between 2 variables

Front 20

positive relationship

Back 20

relationship between 2 variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other variable

Front 21

negative relationship

Back 21

relationship between 2 variables in which an increase in one variable is accompanied by a decrease in the other variable

Front 22

quasi-experimental method

Back 22

research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals; the variable of interest cannot be manipulated

Front 23

participant (subject) variable

Back 23

a characteristic inherent in the participants that cannot be changed

Front 24

alternative explanation

Back 24

some other extraneous variable may be responsible for the observed relationship

Front 25

experimental method

Back 25

allows a researcher to establish a cause-and-effect relationship through manipulation of a variable and control of situation

Front 26

independent variable

Back 26

variable in a study that is manipulated

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dependent variable

Back 27

variable in a study that is measured by the researcher

Front 28

control group

Back 28

participants that dont get any level of independent variable and serves as the baseline in a study

Front 29

experimental group

Back 29

group of participants that receives some level of the independent variable

Front 30

random assignment

Back 30

assigning people in a way that every person has an equal chances of being placed in any condition

Front 31

control

Back 31

manipulating the independent variable in an experimenting

Front 32

IRB

Back 32

a committee charged with evaluating research projects in which human participants are used

Front 33

deception

Back 33

lying to the the participants about what the study is about because knowing will affect their test performance

Front 34

debriefing

Back 34

telling the true purpose of the study when finished

Front 35

absolute zero

Back 35

score of zero means no variable being measured

Front 36

nominal scale

Back 36

scale where people are assigned to categories with no numerical properties

Front 37

ordinal scale

Back 37

people are categorized and it's ranked

Front 38

interval scale

Back 38

intervals between the numbers on the scale are equal

Front 39

ratio scale

Back 39

order of equal units of measurement and absolute zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured

Front 40

reliability

Back 40

an indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument

Front 41

correlation coefficient

Back 41

measure degree of relationship between 2 sets of scores. it can vary between -1 and +1

Front 42

test/retest reliability

Back 42

assessing the degree of relationship between scores on the same test administered on 2 different occasions

Front 43

alternate-forms reliability

Back 43

assessing degree of relationship between scores on 2 similar tests

Front 44

split-half reliability

Back 44

correlating scores on one half of a measure with scores on the other half of the measure

Front 45

interrater reliability

Back 45

assesses the agreement of observations made by 2 or mre raters or judges

Front 46

validity

Back 46

measures what it claims to measure

Front 47

content validity

Back 47

has items that satisfactorily assess the content being examined

Front 48

face validity

Back 48

not to what the test actually mesaure but to what it appears to measure

Front 49

criterion validity

Back 49

accurately predicts behavior or ability in a given area

Front 50

construct validity

Back 50

measures theoretical construct or trait

Front 51

ecological validity

Back 51

research can be generalized to real-life

Front 52

undisguised observation

Back 52

participants are aware that the reseracher is observing their behvaior

Front 53

nonparticipant observation

Back 53

researcher doesn't participate in the situation

Front 54

participant observation

Back 54

researcher participates in the situation

Front 55

disguised observation

Back 55

researcher actively participates in the situation

Front 56

qualitative research

Back 56

social research on field observations that is analyzed without statistics

Front 57

likert rating scale

Back 57

numerical rating scale developed by renis likert.

Front 58

representative sample

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a sample that is like the population

Front 59

probability sampling

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each member of the population has an equal likelihood of being selected to be part of the sample

Front 60

random selection

Back 60

everybody is equally likely to be chosen

Front 61

stratified random sampling

Back 61

subgroups or strata are fairly represented

Front 62

cluster sampling

Back 62

clusters of participants that represent the population are used

Front 63

nonprobability sampling

Back 63

people of the population don't have an equal likelihood of being selected to be part of the sample

Front 64

convenience sampling

Back 64

participants are obtained wherever is convenient for the researcher

Front 65

Structural Frame & Change

Back 65

Barriers: loss of clarity, stability - confusion, chaos.

Strategies for structural change: realigning, renogiating patterns and policies, communicating

Think about a building structure...

Front 66

stratified random sampling

Back 66

subgroups or strata are fairly represented

Front 67

cluster sampling

Back 67

clusters of participants that represent the population are used

Front 68

nonprobability sampling

Back 68

people of the population don't have an equal likelihood of being selected to be part of the sample

Front 69

convenience sampling

Back 69

participants are obtained wherever is convenient for the researcher

Front 70

quota sampling

Back 70

sample is like the population on certain characteristics