Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nucleic acids are made up of?
|
organic C H O N P sugar phosphate and base
|
|
What do are nucleic acids?
|
macromolecules which dictate the amino acid sequence of proteins, which turn control basic life processes
|
|
What do nucleic acids store?
|
genetic information in the form of a code
|
|
how are nucleic acids passed on?
|
from parent to offspring
|
|
What is the structure of a nucleic acid?
|
long chain of nucleotides
|
|
what is a nucleotide made up of
|
a sugar phosphate and a base
|
|
if the sugar is ribose in the nucleotide the nucleic acid is
|
RNA
|
|
if the sugar in the nucleotide is deoxyribose, then the nucleic acid is
|
DNA
|
|
There are four different nitrogen bases in a nucleotide, they are
|
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
|
|
what do hydrogen bonds do?
|
hold DNA together
|
|
hydrogen bonds occur between what two bases
|
adenine&thymine cytosine&guanine
|
|
DNA is composed of how many strands of ___
|
complimentary strands of nucleic acids
|
|
hydrogen bonds with the complementary bases cause
|
the twisting of the two chains of nucleic acids
|
|
the result of this twisting is called...
|
double helix
|
|
In RNA what base is not present?
|
thymine
|
|
although thymine is not present a similar compound is..called
|
uracil
|
|
RNA is not double stranded but..
|
single stranded
|
|
translation occurs with
|
proteins
|
|
transcription occurs with
|
RNA
|
|
A genome is the
|
sum of all genetic information for all organisms
|
|
DNA controls everything indirectly by..
|
controlling proteins
|
|
how does DNA dictate protein function
|
by directing the primary structure of every protein in an organism
|
|
DNA usually works through RNA because RNA
|
directly carries out proteins synthesis
|
|
messenger RNA is the specific type of RNA involved in the
|
synthesis of amino acids
|
|
mRNA can be compared to a photocopy of DNA because unlike DNA
|
it can travel throughout the cell
|
|
the copying of DNA into mRNA must be exact, or
|
the wrong proteins will be synthesized
|
|
A triplet is what codes for
|
amino acids
|
|
In transcription you go from
|
acid to acid
|
|
complimentary base pairing is a
|
hydrogen bond
|
|
a codon is a
|
group of 3 for mRNA
|
|
mRNA goes into
|
cytoplasm to do protein synthesis
|
|
the DNA line
TACGGTCGAACTATT codes for what RNA? the RNA then codes for what mRNA? |
RNA: ATGCCAGCTTGATAA
mRNA:AUGCCAGCUUGAUAA |
|
DNA copies information into 3 types of RNA?
|
transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and ribosomal RNA
|
|
RNA leaves the nucleus and goes to
|
work in the cytoplasm
|
|
mRNA directs the
|
formation fo the amino acids
|
|
tRNA binds to the
|
amino acids and carries them to their places in polypeptide chains
|
|
rRNA forms
|
ribosomes, and is the site of protein synthesis
|
|
In RNA synthesis, how many strands of DNA is copied to RNA
|
one
|
|
during transcription the RNA produces is
|
complimentary to the starnd of DNA which creates it
|
|
in the process uracil is substitued for
|
thymine
|
|
What are the three steps of RNA synthesis called
|
Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
|
|
What is the first step of transcription called and what are the 2 things that happen
|
1. enzyme called polymerase is needed
2. enzyme binds to promoter region |
|
What is the second step of transcription called and waht are 3 steps that happen during it
|
1. elongation and the enzyme leaves promoter region and moves along sequence to be copied
2. as the enzyme reads the DNA, a complementary strand of RNA is made 3. RNA strand is made longer as the enzyme keeps moving down the DNA sequence |
|
What is the thrid step of transcription called and what are the 2 steps that describe it?
|
termination
1. when the enzyme reaches the terminator region, transcription stops 2. the newly synthesized RNA now called PRIMARY RNA TRANSCRIPT is released with the enzymes from the DNA transcription complete!! |
|
in RNA processing what is added to the RNA?
|
a cap and tail
|
|
after the cap and tail are added to the RNA what takes place and what is it?
|
splicing, and it is where introns are removed and exons are kept and linked
|
|
after splicing and adding caps and tails for protection, where will the mRNA enter?
|
the cytoplasm
|
|
tRNA is different from mRNA because after it is spliced and modified it is folded into a
|
clover shape
|
|
amino acids attach to one end whle the opposite end contains the _____
|
anti-codon
|
|
rRNA is also different from tRNA and mRNA becaus after rRNA is spliced and modified it is formed to fit subunits of
|
ribosomes
|
|
after the rRNA is spliced and modified to fit the subunits of ribosomes, they are released through the
|
nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm
|
|
a ribosome is made of
|
2 rna pieces and 2 pieces of protein
|
|
protein synthesis is referred to as what and why
|
translation because the codon sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of the protein
|
|
tRNA charging is a two step binding process where
|
1. amino acid and atp attached
2. tRNA comes along and bumps the ATP away charging the amino acid |
|
the ribosomes contain two binding sites called
|
the A site and the P site
|
|
The P site holds the
|
tRNA holding the growing polypetide chain
|
|
The A site holds the
|
tRNA bringing the next amino acid to be added to the chain
|
|
What is the first step of translation called and what takes place?
|
initiation
1. the cap of the mRNA threads trhough ribosomes and start codon signals translation to proteins |
|
What is the second step of translation called and what takes places?
|
elongation
1. codon of mRNA and anticodon of tRNA pair up and enzyme catalyzes peptide binidng to new amino acid to growing chain |
|
What is the third step of translation and describe it?
|
termination
1. elongation keeps going until stop codon, polypeptide is released |
|
most errors are
|
caught and corrected
|
|
the most common error is
|
shifiting of the reading frame
|
|
a system of enzymes acts to
|
detect errors and such
|
|
G1 is
|
the cell growth right after it has formed, if cells dont leave it, it's called G0
|
|
Interphase contains
|
G1, G0, Synthesis, and G2
|
|
S phase stands for
|
synthesis
|
|
What happens during synthesis
|
DNA replication
|
|
G2 or Growth Phase 2 follows _____ and prepares for ____ by ______
|
DNA replicaiton, mitosis, double checking everything
|
|
What comes after interphase?
|
PMAT
|
|
what does PMAT stand for
|
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
|
|
what happens during early prophase
|
centrioles move to poles of cell
|
|
what happens during middle prophase?
|
sister chromatids are connected at centromere
|
|
what happens at late prophase?
|
nuclear membrane disappear, and sister chromatids move towards equator
|
|
what happens during metaphase?
|
centromeres line up at equator, centromeres divide and chromatids split but don't separate
|
|
What happens during early anaphase?
|
sister chromatids move apart
|
|
What happens during late anaphase?
|
sister chromatids move to opposite poles
|
|
Anaphase is reffred to as the first time
|
we first distinguish the formation of two distnict cells
|
|
what happens during telophase?
|
nuclear membrane forms around each
|
|
Cytokinesis is
|
the movement of the two halves of the cell into two distinct cells
|
|
what are the four things that initiate cell division?
|
increase in cell size
cells need for growth and repair regular part of life cycle feedback loops in body signal |
|
Asexual reproducton involves how many parents?
|
one
|
|
in asexual reproduction, the offspring are typically
|
genetically identical to the parent
|
|
sexual reproduction involves how many parents
|
two
|
|
asexual reproduction does not require any special reproductive cells
|
TRUE
|
|
sexual reproductioni requires special reproductive cells
|
true
|
|
In mitosis what divides in half?
|
the nucleus
|
|
in cytokinesis what divides in half
|
the cytoplasm
|
|
a haploid is a
|
single set of chromosomes
|
|
a diploid is a
|
double set of chromosomes
|
|
homologous pairs are similar in
|
structure and function
|
|
Gamete are
|
reproductive cells
|
|
female gametes are called
|
eggs
|
|
male gametes are called
|
sperm
|
|
haploids come together to form a
|
diploid zygote
|
|
Meiosis is a
|
special kind of cell division that produces haploid cells in diploid organisms
|
|
what is a zygote
|
the orginal cell of a new organism
|
|
what is reduced in meiosis
|
somatic cells
|
|
what are somatic cells
|
body cells other those those used for specialized reproducton
|
|
we have 46 chromosomes but they occur in
|
23 homologous pairs
|
|
in somatic cells because its 23 homologous pairs it's
|
diploid or 2n
|
|
Gametes have
|
23 chromosomes
|
|
because gametes have 23 chromosomes they have
|
no pairs or 1n
|
|
in meiosis, cells divide ____ but replicate ___
|
twice, once
|
|
begins with 2n cell and end with
|
four 1n cells
|
|
hermaphroditism is when
|
two sexes are not separate
|
|
rather than self fertilization, they
|
exchange sperm and then fertilize
|
|
while the exchange sperm..
|
the transfer of nuclear material takes place
|