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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
(Introduction) Mission of course
To know God, and

To grow to be His yielded servant and witness.
(Introduction)To know we will
Learn to study the word of God
Learn to search the will of God
Learn to serve in the way of God
Learn to saturate the world with the love of God
(Introduction) we will grow in
In our relationship with God
In our fellowship with God’s people
In our understanding of God’s person, purpose, and plans for my life
In our ability to communicate the truth of God’s word to the world
Intro to Old Testament(slide 1)
The Bible is the greatest work of literature, history, and theology ever written.
In its production, preservation, proclamation, and product, it stands as the most unique book in existence.
It is a unity of a diversity of authors, time span, and literary forms.
The OT and NT smoothly blend the truths of eternity past to eternity future – from the heights of heaven to the depths of hell.
Intro to Old Testament(slide 2)
In these 66 books we discover our past, understand our present, and attain hope for our future.
The OT is a redemptive history that lays the foundation upon which the NT is built.
There is a progressive revelation in the Scriptures, and what is anticipated in the OT is unfolded in the New.
The OT points ahead and the NT points back to the central event in all history – the substitutionary death of the Messiah.
Introduction to Old Testament(slide 3)
The OT was originally divided into two sections: the Law and the Prophets (see Matt. 7:12; Luke 16:16, 29, 31).
This was later expanded into a threefold division of the Law, the Prophets, and the Writings (Luke 24:44).
All 39 books in our OT are contained in the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible.
The Greek translation of the OT arranged the books in the four divisions that we use today: Law (5); History (12); Poetry (5); and Prophecy (17).
Introduction to Old Testament(slide 4)
The 5 books of the Law can be combined with the 12 historical books to get the structure of OT Hebrew history.
The 17 historical books trace the entire history of Israel from its inception to the time of the prophet Malachi.
In the Pentateuch Israel was chosen, redeemed, disciplined, and instructed.
The remaining 12 historical books record the conquest of the land, the period of the judges, the formation of a united kingdom, and the division of that kingdom into the North (Israel) and the South (Judah).
Introduction to Old Testament(slide 5)
Each kingdom was taken into captivity but many of the people eventually returned.
The 17 prophetical books have a two-pronged message of condemnation (because of Israel’s iniquity and idolatry) and consolation (future hope in spite of present judgment).
Often at great personal cost these men refused to dilute God’s strong words.
Introduction to the Books of the Law(slide 1)
God’s Intervention - Israel’s Beginnings with the Law
1.Israel’s miraculous deliverance from slavery in Egypt (Exodus 1 – 18)

2.The return of the presence of God as distinguishing his people from all other people on earth (Exodus 33:14)

3.God’s reconstituting Israel as a people for His name at the foot of Mt. Sinai (Exodus 10 – Numbers 10:10)
In order to sanctify Israel as a nation chosen by and exemplifying the will of God, He had to:
1.Remove centuries of Egyptian culture from their way of thinking

2.Remove centuries of Egyptian slavery from their way of being
The children of Israel had to become:
1.An Army of warriors who could fight to conquer the land promised to their ancestors

2.A Community that would be able to live together in the desert and the Promised Land
3.A People who were established and directed to be God’s people – in relationship with each other and with God
What was the consequence of Israel not leaving Egypt behind?
If the people couldn’t leave Egypt behind and embrace God, they could never survive in the pagan environment of Canaan.

Canaanite culture would surely destroy them.
The Mechanism of Sanctification
The Law was God’s gift to the children of Israel to sanctify and discipline the nation

-It established the ways they were to live in community
-It provided for their relationship with and worship of God
-It set boundaries regarding their relationships with other cultures
Understanding the Law Helps Us Understand the Prophets
This understanding of Israel’s history and sanctification will help us better understand the Law and the Prophets
This understanding will give greater insights into the Law used by the Prophets to proclaim judgment in Israel and Judah
But we must also understand the covenantal nature of the Law and its impact on the writings of the Prophets
What is the Law?
1.The word “Law” had more than one connotation or meaning when used throughout scripture

I2.n its plural form, it refers to the “laws” – the 600-plus specific commandments that the Israelites were expected to keep as evidence of their loyalty to God (e.g. Exodus 18:20)
3.In the singular, it is used to refer to all of these laws collectively (e.g., Matt. 5:18)
4.Also in the singular, it is used to refer to the Pentateuch (Genesis to Deuteronomy) as the “Book of the Law” (e.g., Joshua 1:8)
Books of Prophecy
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Daniel
Lamentations
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Four Major Prophets
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Daniel
Five Major Prophetic Books
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Daniel
Lamentations
12 Minor Prophets
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Facts about the Books of Prophecy
These books were written in ancient Israel between about 760 and 460 B.C.
Minor prophets are called such only because the books are relatively short in length
The term ‘minor’ came from the Latin term prophetes minor, where minor meant shorter not less important.
The term ‘major’ came from the Latin which means “longer” or “larger”
The terms convey nothing about their importance
Facts about books of Prophecy(cont.)
Ancient Judaism grouped the twelve shorter prophetic books into one large book.
This book was called “The Book of Twelve” or simply “The Twelve”
The Nature of Prophecy
The Prophetic Books are among the most difficult parts of the Bible to interpret or read with understanding

The reasons for this are related to misunderstandings as to their function and form.
The Meaning of Prophecy
Most people don’t have an accurate understanding of the word prophecy.

For most people, this word means “foretelling or prediction of what is to come.”

Many Christians refer to the Prophetic books only for predictions about the coming of Jesus and/or certain features of the new-covenant age
The Meaning of Prophecy(cont.)
Many believed that predictions of events that were at a far distance from their own day was the main concern of the prophets.

Less than 2% of OT prophecy is Messianic (pointing to Christ)
Less than 5% specifically describes the new-covenant age
Less that 1% concerns events yet to come in our time
The Meaning of Prophecy(cont.)
The Prophets most often announce the immediate future of Israel, Judah, and other nations; not the distant future.
One of the keys to understanding the prophets is that we look on the events for them during their day as future but for us as past.
The Prophets as Spokespersons
The primary role of a prophet was to speak for God to the people

There were hundreds of persons who prophesied in ancient Israel in OT times but only sixteen were chosen to speak messages that would be collected and written up into books

In the narrative books of the OT, we hear about prophets and very little from prophets. Examples like Elijah and Elisha allow us to understand more about the prophet himself, than the words he prophesied.
The Problem of History
The issue of historical distance complicates our understanding of the Prophets.

The events outlined in the Prophetical books occurred many centuries ago and carry different meanings and connotations today

As people far removed from the religious, historical, and cultural life of ancient Israel, we simply have difficulty putting the words spoken by the prophets in there proper context
The Function of Prophecy in Israel
The prophets were covenant enforcement mediators
-God not only gave Israel laws but He also provided persons who would enforce His law
-God announced the enforcement of His law through the Prophets so that the events of blessings and curses would be understood clearly by His people
-Moses served as the mediator of God’s law and is a paradigm (model) for the prophets
-Prophets are God’s spokespersons or mediators of the covenant
-Through them, God reminds the people to keep the law
The Function of Prophecy in Israel(cont.)
The prophets’ message was not their own, but God’s
-Although each prophet uses his unique style, vocabulary, emphasis, idioms, and structure when communicating the word of God; the message that is communicated is from God and not the prophet.
-God raised the prophet to speak His word to Israel (cf. Exod. 3-4; Isa. 6; Jer. 1; Ezek. 1-3; Hos. 1:2; Amos 7:14-15; Jonah 1:1; et al.)
-The prophets responded to the divine call
-Hebrew word for prophet (nabi) comes from the Semetic verb “to call” (nabu)
The Function of Prophecy in Israel(cont.)
The prophets were God’s direct representative

-The prophets served a direct role in the dissemination of God’s word to the people of God and surrounding nations

-The prophets gave us God’s word as He sought to present it to the people, not as the prophets saw it
The Function of Prophecy in Israel(cont.)
The prophets’ message is unoriginal

-The prophets message is a rewording of the ethic and essential content of the original Mosaic covenant warnings and promises (blessings and curses)

-The exact wording may be unique, or in a sense ‘novel’ but the concepts expressed restate faithfully what God had already expressed to His people in the Pentateuch.
The Book of Isaiah
The Mount Everest of Hebrew Prophecy
How does The book of Isaiah resemble the Bible in miniature form.
It’s first 39 chapters correspond to the 39 books of the OT.
These chapters stress the righteousness, holiness, and justice of God.
The prophet announces judgment upon immoral and idolatrous people beginning in Judah, then Judah’s neighboring nations, and finally the whole world.
How does The book of Isaiah resemble the Bible in miniature form.(cont.)
The last 27 chapters correspond to the 27 books of the NT.
These chapters portray God’s glory, compassion, and underserved favor.
Messiah will come as a Savior to bear a cross and as a Sovereign to wear a crown.
Therefore, “’Comfort, yes comfort My people!’ says your God” (40:1)
Introduction and Title
Isaiah is like a miniature Bible
The first 39 chapters (like the 39 books of the OT) are filled with judgment upon immoral and idolatrous men.
Judah has sinned
the surrounding nations have sinned;
the whole earth has sinned
Judgment must come
God cannot allow such blatant sin to go unpunished forever
Introduction and Title(cont.)
The final 27 chapters (like the 27 books of the NT) declare a message of hope.

The Messiah is coming as a Savior and a Sovereign to bear a cross and to wear a crown.

Isaiah’s prophetic ministry; spanning the reigns of four kings of Judah, covers at least forty years
Introduction and Title(cont.)
Yesha’yahu and its shortened form yeshaiah mean “Yahweh is Salvation.”

This name is an excellent summary of the contents of the book.

The Greek form in the Septuagint is Hesaias, and the Latin form is Esaias or Isaias.
Authorship
Isaiah, the “Saint Paul of the OT,” was evidently from a distinguished Jewish family
His education is evident in his impressive vocabulary and style.
His work is comprehensive in scope and beautifully communicated.
Isaiah maintained close contact with the royal court, but his exhortations against alliances with foreign powers were not always well received.
Authorship (cont.)
This great poet and prophet was uncompromising, sincere, and compassionate.
His wife was a prophetess and he fathered at least two sons (7:3; 8:3).
He spent most of his time in Jerusalem, and talmudic tradition says his persecutors sawed him in two during the reign of Manasseh (cf. Heb. 11:37)
Authorship (cont.)
The unity of this book has been challenged by critics who hold that a “Deutero-Isaiah” wrote chapters 40 – 66 after the Babylonian captivity.
They argue that chapters 1 – 39 have an Assyrian background, while chapters 40 – 66 are set against a Babylonian background.
But, Babylon is mentioned more than twice as often in chapters 1 – 39 as in chapters 40 – 66.
Authorship (cont.)
The only shift is one of perspective from present tome to future time.
Critics also argue that there are radical differences in the language, style, and theology of the two sections.
Actually, the resemblances between chapters 1 – 39 and chapters 40 – 66 are greater than the differences.
These include similarities in thoughts, images, rhetorical ornaments, characteristic expressions, and local coloring.
Authorship (cont.)
It is true that the first section is more terse and rational, while the second section is more flowing and emotional, but much of this is caused by the different subject matter, condemnation versus consolation.
Critics often forget that content, time, and circumstances typically affect any author’s style.
Also, there is no theological contradiction between the emphasis on the Messiah as King in chapters 1-39 and as Suffering Servant in chapters 40-66.
Authorship (cont.)
Although the emphasis is different, the Messiah is seen in both sections as Servant and King.
Another critical argument is that Isaiah could not have predicted the Babylonian captivity and the return of Cyrus (mentioned by name in 44 – 45) 150 years in advance.
This view is based on the mere assumption that divine prophecy is impossible, rejecting the predictive claims of the book (42:9).
Authorship (cont.)
The theory cannot explain the amazing messianic prophecies of Isaiah that were literally fulfilled in the life of Christ.
The unity of Isaiah is supported by the Book of Ecclesiasticus, the Septuagint, and the Talmud.
The NT also claims that Isaiah wrote both sections.
John 12:37-41 quotes from Isaiah 6:9-10; 53:1, and attributes it all to Isaiah.
Authorship (cont.)
In Romans 9:27 and 10:16-21, Paul quotes from Isaiah (10; 53; and 65) and gives the credit to Isaiah.
The same is true of Matthew 3:3; 12:17-21; Luke 3:4-6; and Acts 8:28
If chapters 40 – 66 were written by another prophet after the events took place, it is a misleading and deceptive work.
Also, it would lead to the strange conclusion that one of Israel’s greatest prophets would be the only writing prophet of the OT to go unnamed
Date and Setting
Isaiah’s long ministry ranged from about 740 to 680 B.C. (1:1)

He began his ministry near the end of Uzziah’s reign (790-739 B.C.) and continued through the reigns of Jotham (739-731 B.C.), Ahaz (731 – 715 B.C.), and Hezekiah (715 – 686 B.C.)
Date and Setting (cont.)
Assyria was growing in power under Tiglath-pileser who turned toward the west after his conquests in the east.

He plucked up the small nations that dotted the Mediterranean coast including Israel and much of Judah.

Isaiah lived during this time of military threat to Judah, and warned its kings against trusting in alliances with other countries rather that the power of Yahweh.
Date and Setting (cont.)
As a contemporary of Hosea and Micah, he prophesied during the last years of the northern kingdom but ministered to the southern kingdom of Judah who was following the sins of her sister Israel.

After Israel’s demise in 722 B.C., he warned Judah of judgment not by Assyria but by Babylonia, even though Babylonia had not yet risen to power.
Date and Setting (cont.)
Isaiah ministered from the time of Tiglath-pileser (745 – 727 B.C.) to the time of Sennacherib (705 – 681 B.C.) of Assyria.

He outdated Hezekiah by a few years because 37:38 records the death of Sennacherib in 681 B.C.

Hezekiah was succeeded by his wicked son Manasseh who overthrew the worship of Yahweh and no doubt opposed the work of Isaiah.
Timeline of Events Chronicling Isaiah’s Ministry
930 B.C. - Northern and Southern Kingdoms divide
792 B.C. - Uzziah becomes king in Judah
755 B.C. - Isaiah begins to prophesy in Judah
752 B.C. - Jotham's reign begins in Judah
736 B.C. - Ahaz begins his reign in Judah
734 B.C. - Israel and Syria make war against Judah
732 B.C. - Damascus falls to the Assyrians
729 B.C. - Hezekiah becomes King in Judah
722 B.C. - The Northern Kingdom is taken captive by the Assyrians
Theme and Purpose
The basic theme of the book of Isaiah is found in Isaiah’s name: salvation is of the Lord.

The word salvation appears 26 times in Isaiah but only 7 times in all the other prophets combined.

Chapters 1-39 portray man’s great need for salvation, and chapters 40 – 66 reveal God’s great provision of salvation.
Theme and Purpose (cont.)
Salvation is of God, not man, and He is seen as the supreme Ruler, the sovereign Lord of history, and the only Savior.

Isaiah solemnly warned Judah of approaching judgment because of moral depravity, political corruption, social injustice, and especially spiritual idolatry.

Because the nation would not turn away from its sinful practice, Isaiah announced the ultimate overthrow of Judah.
Theme and Purpose (cont.)
Nevertheless, God would remain faithful to His covenant by preserving a godly remnant and promising salvation and deliverance through the coming Messiah.

The Savior will come out of Judah and accomplish the twin work of redemption and restoration.

The Gentiles will come to His light and universal blessing will finally come.
Keys to Isaiah
Key Word - Salvation.

Key Verses (9:6-7; 53:6) – “For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government will be upon His shoulder. And his name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end, upon the throne of David and over his kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will perform this” (9:6-7)

“All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned, every one, to his own way; and the LORD has laid on Him the iniquity of us all” (53:6)
Keys to Isaiah (cont.)
Key Chapter (53) – Along with Psalm 22, Isaiah 53 lists the most remarkable and specific prophecies of the atonement of the Messiah.

Fulfilling each clear prophecy, the Jewish nation later proved the messiahship of Jesus.
Christ in Isaiah
When he speaks about Christ, Isaiah sounds more like a NT writer than an OT prophet.

His messianic prophecies are clearer and more explicit than those of any other OT book.

They describe many aspects of the person and work of Christ in His first and second advents, and often blend the two together.
Christ in Isaiah (cont.)

Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments
7:14 (Matt. 1:22-23);
9:1-2 (Matt. 4:12-16);
9:6 (Luke 2:11; Eph. 2:14-18);
11:1 (Luke 3:23, 32; Acts 13:22:23);
11:2 (Luke 3:22);
Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments(cont.)
28:16 (1 Pet. 2:4-6);
40:3-5 (Matt. 3:1-3);
42:1-4 (Matt. 12:15-21);
42:6 (Luke 2:29-32);
Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments(cont.)
50:6 (Matt. 26:67; 27:26, 30);
52:14 (Phil. 2:7-11);
53:3 (Luke 23:18; John 1:11; 7:5);
53:4-5 (Rom. 5:6, 8);
53:7 (Matt. 27:12-14; John 1:29; 1 Pet. 1:18-19);
Christological prophecies with their NT fulfillments(cont.)
53:9 (Matt. 27:57-60);
53:12 (Mark 15:28);
61:1 (Luke 4:17-19, 21).
Christ in Isaiah (cont.)
The OT has over 300 prophecies about the first advent of Christ, and Isaiah contributes a number of them.
The odds that even 10 of them could be fulfilled by one person is a statistical marvel.
Isaiah’s messianic prophecies that await fulfillment in the Lord’s second advent include:
4:2; 11:2-6, 10;
32:1-8;
49:7;
52:13, 15;
59:20-21;
60:1-3;
61:2-3
Christ in Isaiah
The central passage (52:13-53:12) of the consolation section (40 – 66) presents five different aspects of the saving work of Christ:
(1) 52:13-15 – His wholehearted sacrifice (burnt offering);
(2) 53:1-3 – His perfect character (meal offering);
(3) 53:4-6 – He brought atonement that issues in peace with God (peace offering);
(4) 53:7-9 – He paid for the transgression of the people (sin offering); and
(5) 53:10-12 – He died for the effects of sin (trespass offering).
Isaiah's Contribution to the Bible
Isaiah is quoted in the NT far more than any other prophet.

He is mentioned 21 times by name, and chapter 53 alone is quoted or alluded to at least 85 times in the NT.

Isaiah is characterized by systematic presentation, brilliant imagery, broad scope, clarity, beauty, and power.
Isaiah's Contribution to the Bible(cont.)
Some of his prophecies have been fulfilled by many await fulfillment.

Our Lord, for example, quoted Isaiah (61:1-2) in Luke 4:18-20 but stopped mid-sentence: “…to preach the acceptable year of the Lord.”

The next phrase in Isaiah reads “the day of vengeance of our God.”

The first part was indeed fulfillment by Christ, but the second awaits fulfillment when He comes again, not as the Suffering Servant, but as the ruling King.
Survey of Isaiah
Isaiah, the “Shakespeare of the prophets,” has often been called the “evangelical prophet” because of this incredibly clear and detailed messianic prophecies.

The “gospel according to Isaiah” has three major sections:
Prophecies of condemnation (1-35);
Historical parenthesis (36 – 39); and
Prophecies of comfort (40 – 66)
Survey of Isaiah(cont.)
Prophecies of Condemnation (1 – 35)
Isaiah’s first message of condemnation is aimed at his own countrymen in Judah (1-12).
Chapter 1 is a capsulized message of the entire book.
Judah is riddled with moral and spiritual disease; the people are neglecting God as they bow to ritualism and selfishness.
But Yahweh graciously invites them to repent and return to Him because this is their only hope of avoiding judgment.
Isaiah’s call to proclaim God’s message is found in chapter 6, and this followed by the book of Immanuel
These chapters repeatedly refer to the Messiah (see 7:14; 8:14; 9:2, 6-7; 11:1-2) and anticipate the blessing of His future reign.
Survey of Isaiah(cont.)
Prophecies of Condemnation (1 – 35) (cont.)
The prophet moves from local to regional judgment as he proclaims a series of oracles against the surrounding nations (13-23).

The eleven nations are Babylon, Assyria, Philistia, Moab, Damascus (Syria), Ethiopia, Egypt, Babylon (again), Edom, Arabia, Jerusalem (Judah), and Tyre.

Isaiah’s little apocalypse (24-27) depicts universal tribulation followed by blessings of the kingdom.

Chapters 28-33 pronounce six woes on Israel and Judah for specific sins.

Isaiah’s prophetic condemnation closes with a general picture of international devastation that will precede universal blessing (34-35)
Survey of Isaiah(cont.)
Historical Parenthesis (36 – 39)
This historical parenthesis looks back to the Assyrian invasion of Judah in 701 B.C. and anticipates the coming Babylonian invasion of Judah.
Judah escapes captivity by Assyria (36 – 37; 2 Kings 18-19), but they will not escape from the hands of Babylon (38-39; 2 Kings 20).
God answers King Hezekiah’s prayers and delivers Judah from Assyrian destruction by Sennacherib.
Hezekiah also turns to the Lord in his illness and is granted a fifteen-year extension of his life.
But he foolishly shows all his treasures to the Babylonian messengers, and Isaiah tells him that the Babylonians will one day carry his treasure and descendants to their land.
Survey of Isaiah(cont.)
Prophecies of Comfort (40 – 66)

Having pronounced Judah’s divine condemnation, Isaiah comforts them with God’s promises of home and restoration.

The basis for this hope is the sovereignty and majesty of God (40-48).

Of the 216 verses in these nine chapters, 115 speak of God’s greatness and power.

The Creator is contrasted with idols, the creations of men.

Babylon will indeed carry them off; but Babylon will finally be judged and destroyed, and God’s people will be released from captivity.
Survey of Isaiah
Prophecies of Comfort (40 – 66) (cont.)

Chapters 49-57 concentrate on the coming Messiah who will be their Savior and Suffering Servant.
This rejected but exalted One will pay for their iniquities and usher in a kingdom of peace and righteousness throughout the earth.
All who acknowledge their sins and trust in Him will be delivered (58-66).
In that day Jerusalem will be rebuilt, Israel’s borders will be enlarged, and the Messiah will reign in Zion.
God’s people will confess their sins and His enemies will be judged.
Peace, prosperity, and justice will prevail, and God will make all things new.