Prokaryotes

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<p>Prokaryotes: Research &amp; Technology</p>

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1. Used in modern research-proteins studied
2. Bioremediation-used to remove pollutants from water, soil, air
3. Metabolic factories for commercial products
-Convert milk to yogurt &amp; cheese
-Produce acetone, butanol, vitamins &amp; antibiotics

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How do prokaryotes cause disease?

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1. Some directly invade tissue
2. Most produce poisons
-exotoxins-proteins secreted by prokaryote
-endotoxins-lipopolysacchrides (part of outer membrane of gram neg. bacteria) released when bacteria die

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Movement

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1. Flagella (most common)
2. Corkscrew
3. Slime Threads
*Taxis-directional movement in hetergeneous (non-uniform) environment
-Chemotaxis (Chemical)
-Phototaxis (Light)
-Positive-Toward
-Negative-Away

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Archaea

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Important taxa (Clades)
1. Euryarchaeota-includes methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles
2. Crenarchaeota-includes thermophiles

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Differences
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Nuclear Envelope?
NO NO YES
Organelles w/ Membranes?
NO NO YES
Circular Chromosome?
YES YES NO

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Which is more dangerous, Gram Negative or Gram Positive?

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GRAM NEGATIVE!
1. Lipoplysacchrides in cell wall toxic-induce fever
2. Outer membrane protects against host's defenses
3. More resistant to antibiotics
*Penicillin inhibits x-link formation, ruins cell wall function

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Peptidoglycan

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Only present in Prokaryotes!
Responsible for Gram Stain!
Definition- sugars x-linked w/ polypeptides (proteins)

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Symbiosis

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Def.- ecological relationship between organisms of diff. species in direct contact. Host=bigger Symbiont=smaller
1. Mututalism-both benefit
2. Commensalism- 1 benefits, the other is neither harmed not helped
3. Parasitism- 1 benefits at the other's expense

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Nutrition

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1. Phototroph-uses light energy
2. Chemotroph-uses chemicals for energy
3. Autotroph-need only CO2 (inorganic)
3. Heterotroph-require at least one organic nutrient

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Nutrition Combinations

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1. Photoautotroph-photosynthetic organisms use light energy to drive synthesis of organic compounds from CO2
2. Chemoautotrophs-need only CO2, but oxidize inorganic substances for energy
3. Photoheterotroph-use light for energy, obtain carbon in organic form
3. Chemoheterotrophs-consume organic molecules for energy ex. carbon

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How can prokaryotes withstand harsh conditions?

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Endospore-second copy of DNA that is dehydrated (metabolic processes cease) and forms a hard shell.
Revives when conditions are favorable.

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

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1. Lack compartmentaliation by membranes
2. Infolded regions of plasma membrane (performs functions organelles perform in euk.)
3. Smaller, simpler genomes
-plasmids, circular singular chromosome
4. Ribosomes smaller & differ in protein content
*erythromycein & tetracyline bind to these & block protein synthesis

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Reproduction

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Binary Fission-copy chromosome, split into 2 daughter cells
Growth-refers to increase in population, not individual size

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Genetic Variation

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1. Mutation
2. Horizontal Gene Transfer
-Transformation-cell takes genes from environment
-Conjugation-direct transfer from cell to cell
-Transduction-viruses transfer genes from cell to cell

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Functions of Cell Wall

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1. Maintains Shape
2. Physical Protection
3. Prevents burtsing in a hypotonic environment
*Hypotonic-water is forced into cell, can make it burst
*Hypertonic-salt concentration outside higher, dehydrates cell

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Prokaryote Structure

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1. Most unicellular-some aggregate and form colonies
2. Shape
-Spheres (Cocci)
-Rods (Bacillus)
-Helices (Spirilla, Spirochetes)
3. Tiny-diameter 1-5 microns