Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Technology push |
How advancements in technology are used to produce new products |
|
Market pull |
How consumer demand leads to product development |
|
Obsolete |
No longer working or useful |
|
Mechanical |
Working via a mechanism without direct human intervention |
|
Electrical |
Operated using electricity |
|
Laser |
Amplification of an output of light producing an intense beam |
|
Digital music |
Analog music is transferred into a computer data file |
|
Continuous improvement |
Making designs better |
|
Market |
The target group a product is aimed at |
|
Analysis |
Discovering the important features of the design problem |
|
Utility |
An item made for its usefulness only |
|
Modelling |
A way of developing part or all of a 3-D product using card, clay, foam, wood or CAD |
|
Empirical design |
A trial and error approach in design |
|
Intuitive design |
Design based on your past experience |
|
Systematic design |
A step-by-step approach, often encouraged at GCSE |
|
Natural forms |
Shapes and images from nature |
|
Geometry |
Repeating shapes or objects |
|
Structures |
Natural or manufactured objects that will withstand loads |
|
Geometry |
Regular mathematical shapes, which are often found in design |
|
Designers |
Individuals with a special talent for designing products in many forms |
|
Craftsmanship |
Specialised skills using tools in specialist areas |
|
Blobject |
A product designed using CAD or CAM to reduce styling constraints |
|
Company logo and trademark |
Company symbols and service marks used to advertise and display products |
|
Recycle logo |
A symbol used to specify different types of recycling destinations |
|
Safety logos |
Identifiable logos on packaging to give the consumer confidence that the product has been tested |
|
Diecutting |
A technique used in the printing process, involving cutting through with a blade attached to a plywood base. This is known as a cutting forme |
|
Creasing |
Squashing the card so that it can be easily folded |
|
Blister packaging |
Packaging using preformed plastic blister and a printed paper board card which has a heat-seal coating |
|
Skin packaging |
Packaging used to seal a product between a layer of heated plastic and a layer of adhesive coated paper |
|
Brand development |
Creating and developing a strong product identity that will appeal to consumers |
|
Digital media |
A form of advertising on the computer |
|
Point-of-sale (POS) |
Where the product is displayed for sale. A POS is often part of a new product launch. It maybe a unique display stand with key information about the product |
|
Anthropomorphism |
Using human features on objects to improve the human interface |
|
Physiological |
Relating to the body and its movement |
|
Psychological |
Relating to the mind and behaviour |
|
Sociological |
Human problems in relation to the environmental factors |
|
Ergonomics |
The study of relationships between people, products and their environment |
|
Exclusive |
Excluding people by failing to be their needs |
|
Inclusive |
Meeting everyone’s needs |
|
Anthropometrics |
The study of human measurements |
|
5th to the 95th percentile |
The ‘normal’ range that product designers target |
|
BSI |
British standards Institute |
|
CE |
Conformité Européen |
|
Innovation |
The improvement of existing products that are already being sold |
|
Quality assurance (QA) |
Procedures to manage all functions that affect quality |
|
Quality control (QC) |
Checks against the manufacturing specification |
|
Tolerance |
Acceptable range of difference from standard |
|
Finite |
Limited |
|
Reduce |
Use fewer raw materials |
|
Reuse |
Use a product again |
|
Biodegradable |
Break down naturally with the aid of rain and sunlight |
|
Greenhouse gases |
Gases, such as those produced by burning fossil fuels, which are linked to global warming |
|
Fossil fuels |
Coal, oil and gas |
|
Wide range of users |
The inclusive market of people as well as specific exclusive groups of people, whose needs the product should meet |
|
Design engineers |
People who try to solve design problems; they do not try to create new designs |
|
Prototyping |
Developing models in the development stages of a design |
|
Product development |
The whole process of bringing a new product to the market. Designers who create, and market new products are sometimes called new product development designers |
|
Ergonomics |
The study of size comfort and safety in relation to the human and the product |
|
Product specification |
Detailed description of what the product is to be |
|
Scales of production |
Refers to the number of products made at any one time |
|
Solder |
A metallic alloy used in soldering |
|
Fulcrum or pivot |
The point on which a lever is balanced when a force is applied |
|
Brik pak |
A common form of aseptic packaging |
|
Composite |
Made up of more than one thing |
|
Laminate |
A material formed by bonding two or more layers together; the layers are usually different materials |
|
Corrosion |
The deterioration of a metal, usually caused by a chemical reaction and often linked to it’s environment |
|
Galvanising |
The process of coating steel with a thin layer zinc to prevent corrosion |
|
Combined material |
A material made from two or more different materials, with each material still retaining its own identity in the new material |
|
Working characteristics |
The way a material behaves when it is shaped and formed |
|
Properties |
How materials perform in everyday use |
|
CAM |
Computer aided manufacture |
|
Functionality |
What a product does |
|
UV (ultraviolet) rays |
A light source with a shorter wavelength than visible light |
|
Piezoelectric |
Describes the ability of some materials to generate electricity when deformed by mechanical pressure. This effect is reversible, causing piezoelectric materials to deform when a small voltage is applied |
|
Quantum tunnelling composites (QTCs) |
Smart materials with unusual electrical properties. QTCs, in their normal state act as insulators, but when compressed they conduct electricity. |
|
Economies of scale |
Mass production allows for products to be produced at a lower cost |
|
Target market |
Description of where the product would be sold and who it would be aimed at |
|
Client profile |
A description of the lifestyle preferences of the chosen target market user |
|
Aesthetics |
The features in a product that make it visibly appealing such as colour, texture, shaping and styling features |
|
Soft model |
A quick-to-make model using materials such as card, foam, fabric and wire |
|
Toile |
A full-size mock-up garment usually made in calico |
|
CNC |
Computer numerical control |
|
A |
A |
|
Stress analysis |
An engineering discipline used to determine whether a material or object can withstand forces |
|
Rapid prototyping |
Using a computer to transfer drawings into 3-D for a model making |
|
Video conferencing |
Meetings linked to a WebCam and screen that can be accessed worldwide |
|
Prototype |
A detailed, working model |
|
Mock-up |
A rough prototype made at low cost |
|
Orthographic projection |
Drawings showing three dimensions in 2-D |
|
CAD models |
Models designed digitally using special software |
|
Automation |
The use of an automated production system |
|
One off production |
The making of a single, unique product |
|
CNC robots |
Machinery controlled by computer numerical control for use in manufacturing |
|
Flexible manufacturing |
Manufacturing controlled by a host computer that will log and sequentially operate several jobs |
|
Casting |
Filling a space with a liquid material until it becomes solid |
|
Casting pattern |
The shape of the object required, usually made from timber and used to create the hollow shape in the sand |
|
Slip casting |
A technique used in the manufacturing of pottery, involving liquid clay (slip) being cast into a plaster of Paris mould |
|
Injection moulding |
A manufacturing process used for the production of plastic objects in large quantities |
|
Blow moulding |
A manufacturing process for forming hollow plastic products |
|
Parison |
A tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end, through which compressed air can pass |
|
Rotational moulding |
A process for creating hollow plastic objects |
|
Vacuum forming |
The shaping of thermoplastic’s by extracting the air from between the former and the plastic |
|
Batch production |
When a larger number of products are produced at the same time |
|
Drape forming |
A technique used for forming sheet materials |
|
Compression moulding |
Moulding using heat and a two-part mould to squash the material into form |
|
Forging |
A method of shaping metal using compressive forces |
|
Extrusion |
A technique involving the melting of raw plastic, which is then formed into a continuous profile |
|
Line bending |
The heating and bending of thermoplastic sheet materials |
|
Shearing |
A cutting and slicing action |
|
Die cutting |
A method of cutting and creasing material using a simple press knife principle |
|
Sawing |
A method of cutting materials with a toothed blade |
|
Chiselling |
A process used for chipping away pieces of timber, metal or concrete |
|
Planing |
Shaving thin layers of timber from the surface |
|
Mass production |
Manufacturing in high volume |
|
Wastage |
A process that removes material |
|
Drilling |
Making cylindrical holes in solid materials using a rotary action |
|
Routing |
Using profiled cutters to decorate or make consistent shapes in material |
|
CNC routing |
Routing controlled by input from a computer |
|
Filing |
A pressing and dragging process to waste away materials |
|
Laser cutters |
Tools for cutting, scoring or engraving; they use an infrared beam to laser out waste |
|
Traditional wood joints |
Wood joints that require machining to make interlocking parts |
|
Dowels |
Circular sectioned pegs made from beech or other hardwoods |
|
Bonding alloy |
The metal used in soldering and welding to form the join |
|
Flux |
A chemical that makes the bonding alloy flow more easily |
|
Continuous production |
Highly automated manufacture that runs continuously |
|
Resistance welding |
Welding in which the heat is generated by an electric current passing through the join |
|
Ultrasonic welding |
The use of very high frequency vibrations to generate heat within the area to be joined, thereby allowing the materials to fuse together |
|
Adhesive |
A compound that bonds items together |
|
Hardening |
The heating of steel to 720°C and cooling it rapidly in water to make it harder (also called quenching) |
|
Tempering |
A heat treatment technique for metals and alloys |
|
kiln firing |
A method of “fixing “ clay or ceramics by heating it to around 1000°C |
|
Food poisoning |
An illness contracted by consuming contaminated food or drink |
|
Toxins |
Poisons |
|
Aseptic |
Sterile |
|
Polishing |
A surface application applied to wood, metal and plastic |
|
Just in time (JIT) production |
Production organised so that the supply of materials is simultaneous with the need |
|
Sealing |
Treating a surface with a solvent based chemical to protect the surface against damage by moisture or other contaminants |
|
Electrolysis |
Using electric currents to transfer particles from one item to the surface of another |
|
Offset lithography |
Commonly known as litho printing, it is the most common form of commercial printing |
|
Photochemical process |
A process that uses chemicals and light to prepare metal plates for use in printing |
|
CYMK |
An abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and black- the essential colours used in all colour printing |
|
Properties |
How materials perform in everyday use |
|
Working characteristics |
How a material behaves when it is shaped and formed |
|
Resistant materials |
Hard materials, such as woods, plastics and metals |
|
Compliant materials |
Materials that are flexible, such as textiles and some plastics |
|
Properties |
How materials perform in everyday use |
|
Electronic data interchange (EDI) |
The transfer of structured data from one computer system to another without human intervention |
|
Working characteristics |
How a material behaves when it is shaped and formed |
|
Cellulose |
Plant-based fibres used for paper-making |
|
Board |
Paper-based material, but thicker. Any form of paper weighing more than 200 gsm is classed as board |
|
Laminating |
Strengthening the material by building it up in layers with the same or another material |
|
Hardwood |
A natural material generally sourced from a deciduous tree |
|
Sustainable |
Capable of being produced with minimal long-term effect on the environment |
|
Softwood |
A natural material generally sourced from a coniferous tree |
|
Seasoned |
All natural wood is seasoned to remove moisture. The process of seasoning involves drying in a controlled way to prevent twisting and warping |
|
Manufactured boards |
Timber-based products produced by an industrial process involving gluing smaller pieces together |
|
Recycling |
A way of re-processing and re-using materials |
|
Stock control |
Managing the amount of stock held, by monitoring ordering and outflow |
|
Ferrous metal |
A metal containing iron |
|
Non-ferrous metal |
A metal that does not contain iron |
|
Alloy |
A metal produced by combining two or more metals |
|
Synthetic |
A manufactured material |
|
Polymerisation |
The process of creating a synthetic plastic |
|
Thermoplastics |
Plastic materials that can be remoulded with heat |
|
Thermosetting plastic |
A plastic material that, once mounded cannot be reshaped |
|
Earthenware |
A ceramic material fired at low tempratures |
|
Stoneware |
A ceramic material fired at high temperatures |
|
Porcelain |
A ceramic material fired at very high temperatures |
|
Product data management (PDM) |
A form of computer software used globally in business process automation |
|
Glaze |
A way of sealing and decorating a ceramic product |
|
Natural fibres |
Fibres made from animal, plant or mineral sources |
|
Regenerated fibres |
Fibres produced from natural raw materials by a chemical process |
|
Synthetic fibres |
Artificial fibres obtained solely by chemical means, mainly from oil |
|
Nutrition |
How our bodies take in and use food |
|
Printed |
The amount of energy that a food gives you when you eat it. It is measured in either calories (kcal) or joules (KJ) |
|
Nutrients |
Substances from food that give us energy, help repair body tissues, and regulate body functions. There are 6 different types of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water |
|
Printed circuit board (PCB) |
An insulating board containing conductive tracks for connecting electronic components |
|
Components |
Basic electronic units connected to other units by being soldered onto a printed board to create an electronic circuit |
|
Soldering |
The process of attaching a component to a printed circuit board by melting solder to make a permanent join |