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179 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Technology push

How advancements in technology are used to produce new products

Market pull

How consumer demand leads to product development

Obsolete

No longer working or useful

Mechanical

Working via a mechanism without direct human intervention

Electrical

Operated using electricity

Laser

Amplification of an output of light producing an intense beam

Digital music

Analog music is transferred into a computer data file

Continuous improvement

Making designs better

Market

The target group a product is aimed at

Analysis

Discovering the important features of the design problem

Utility

An item made for its usefulness only

Modelling

A way of developing part or all of a 3-D product using card, clay, foam, wood or CAD

Empirical design

A trial and error approach in design

Intuitive design

Design based on your past experience

Systematic design

A step-by-step approach, often encouraged at GCSE

Natural forms

Shapes and images from nature

Geometry

Repeating shapes or objects

Structures

Natural or manufactured objects that will withstand loads

Geometry

Regular mathematical shapes, which are often found in design

Designers

Individuals with a special talent for designing products in many forms

Craftsmanship

Specialised skills using tools in specialist areas

Blobject

A product designed using CAD or CAM to reduce styling constraints

Company logo and trademark

Company symbols and service marks used to advertise and display products

Recycle logo

A symbol used to specify different types of recycling destinations

Safety logos

Identifiable logos on packaging to give the consumer confidence that the product has been tested

Diecutting

A technique used in the printing process, involving cutting through with a blade attached to a plywood base. This is known as a cutting forme

Creasing

Squashing the card so that it can be easily folded

Blister packaging

Packaging using preformed plastic blister and a printed paper board card which has a heat-seal coating

Skin packaging

Packaging used to seal a product between a layer of heated plastic and a layer of adhesive coated paper

Brand development

Creating and developing a strong product identity that will appeal to consumers

Digital media

A form of advertising on the computer

Point-of-sale (POS)

Where the product is displayed for sale. A POS is often part of a new product launch. It maybe a unique display stand with key information about the product

Anthropomorphism

Using human features on objects to improve the human interface

Physiological

Relating to the body and its movement

Psychological

Relating to the mind and behaviour

Sociological

Human problems in relation to the environmental factors

Ergonomics

The study of relationships between people, products and their environment

Exclusive

Excluding people by failing to be their needs

Inclusive

Meeting everyone’s needs

Anthropometrics

The study of human measurements

5th to the 95th percentile

The normal range that product designers target

BSI

British standards Institute

CE

Conformité Européen

Innovation

The improvement of existing products that are already being sold

Quality assurance (QA)

Procedures to manage all functions that affect quality

Quality control (QC)

Checks against the manufacturing specification

Tolerance

Acceptable range of difference from standard

Finite

Limited

Reduce

Use fewer raw materials

Reuse

Use a product again

Biodegradable

Break down naturally with the aid of rain and sunlight

Greenhouse gases

Gases, such as those produced by burning fossil fuels, which are linked to global warming

Fossil fuels

Coal, oil and gas

Wide range of users

The inclusive market of people as well as specific exclusive groups of people, whose needs the product should meet

Design engineers

People who try to solve design problems; they do not try to create new designs

Prototyping

Developing models in the development stages of a design

Product development

The whole process of bringing a new product to the market. Designers who create, and market new products are sometimes called new product development designers

Ergonomics

The study of size comfort and safety in relation to the human and the product

Product specification

Detailed description of what the product is to be

Scales of production

Refers to the number of products made at any one time

Solder

A metallic alloy used in soldering

Fulcrum or pivot

The point on which a lever is balanced when a force is applied

Brik pak

A common form of aseptic packaging

Composite

Made up of more than one thing

Laminate

A material formed by bonding two or more layers together; the layers are usually different materials

Corrosion

The deterioration of a metal, usually caused by a chemical reaction and often linked to it’s environment

Galvanising

The process of coating steel with a thin layer zinc to prevent corrosion

Combined material

A material made from two or more different materials, with each material still retaining its own identity in the new material

Working characteristics

The way a material behaves when it is shaped and formed

Properties

How materials perform in everyday use

CAM

Computer aided manufacture

Functionality

What a product does

UV (ultraviolet) rays

A light source with a shorter wavelength than visible light

Piezoelectric

Describes the ability of some materials to generate electricity when deformed by mechanical pressure. This effect is reversible, causing piezoelectric materials to deform when a small voltage is applied

Quantum tunnelling composites (QTCs)

Smart materials with unusual electrical properties. QTCs, in their normal state act as insulators, but when compressed they conduct electricity.

Economies of scale

Mass production allows for products to be produced at a lower cost

Target market

Description of where the product would be sold and who it would be aimed at

Client profile

A description of the lifestyle preferences of the chosen target market user

Aesthetics

The features in a product that make it visibly appealing such as colour, texture, shaping and styling features

Soft model

A quick-to-make model using materials such as card, foam, fabric and wire

Toile

A full-size mock-up garment usually made in calico

CNC

Computer numerical control

A

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Stress analysis

An engineering discipline used to determine whether a material or object can withstand forces

Rapid prototyping

Using a computer to transfer drawings into 3-D for a model making

Video conferencing

Meetings linked to a WebCam and screen that can be accessed worldwide

Prototype

A detailed, working model

Mock-up

A rough prototype made at low cost

Orthographic projection

Drawings showing three dimensions in 2-D

CAD models

Models designed digitally using special software

Automation

The use of an automated production system

One off production

The making of a single, unique product

CNC robots

Machinery controlled by computer numerical control for use in manufacturing

Flexible manufacturing

Manufacturing controlled by a host computer that will log and sequentially operate several jobs

Casting

Filling a space with a liquid material until it becomes solid

Casting pattern

The shape of the object required, usually made from timber and used to create the hollow shape in the sand

Slip casting

A technique used in the manufacturing of pottery, involving liquid clay (slip) being cast into a plaster of Paris mould

Injection moulding

A manufacturing process used for the production of plastic objects in large quantities

Blow moulding

A manufacturing process for forming hollow plastic products

Parison

A tube-like piece of plastic with a hole in one end, through which compressed air can pass

Rotational moulding

A process for creating hollow plastic objects

Vacuum forming

The shaping of thermoplastic’s by extracting the air from between the former and the plastic

Batch production

When a larger number of products are produced at the same time

Drape forming

A technique used for forming sheet materials

Compression moulding

Moulding using heat and a two-part mould to squash the material into form

Forging

A method of shaping metal using compressive forces

Extrusion

A technique involving the melting of raw plastic, which is then formed into a continuous profile

Line bending

The heating and bending of thermoplastic sheet materials

Shearing

A cutting and slicing action

Die cutting

A method of cutting and creasing material using a simple press knife principle

Sawing

A method of cutting materials with a toothed blade

Chiselling

A process used for chipping away pieces of timber, metal or concrete

Planing

Shaving thin layers of timber from the surface

Mass production

Manufacturing in high volume

Wastage

A process that removes material

Drilling

Making cylindrical holes in solid materials using a rotary action

Routing

Using profiled cutters to decorate or make consistent shapes in material

CNC routing

Routing controlled by input from a computer

Filing

A pressing and dragging process to waste away materials

Laser cutters

Tools for cutting, scoring or engraving; they use an infrared beam to laser out waste

Traditional wood joints

Wood joints that require machining to make interlocking parts

Dowels

Circular sectioned pegs made from beech or other hardwoods

Bonding alloy

The metal used in soldering and welding to form the join

Flux

A chemical that makes the bonding alloy flow more easily

Continuous production

Highly automated manufacture that runs continuously

Resistance welding

Welding in which the heat is generated by an electric current passing through the join

Ultrasonic welding

The use of very high frequency vibrations to generate heat within the area to be joined, thereby allowing the materials to fuse together

Adhesive

A compound that bonds items together

Hardening

The heating of steel to 720°C and cooling it rapidly in water to make it harder (also called quenching)

Tempering

A heat treatment technique for metals and alloys

kiln firing

A method of “fixing “ clay or ceramics by heating it to around 1000°C

Food poisoning

An illness contracted by consuming contaminated food or drink

Toxins

Poisons

Aseptic

Sterile

Polishing

A surface application applied to wood, metal and plastic

Just in time (JIT) production

Production organised so that the supply of materials is simultaneous with the need

Sealing

Treating a surface with a solvent based chemical to protect the surface against damage by moisture or other contaminants

Electrolysis

Using electric currents to transfer particles from one item to the surface of another

Offset lithography

Commonly known as litho printing, it is the most common form of commercial printing

Photochemical process

A process that uses chemicals and light to prepare metal plates for use in printing

CYMK

An abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and black- the essential colours used in all colour printing

Properties

How materials perform in everyday use

Working characteristics

How a material behaves when it is shaped and formed

Resistant materials

Hard materials, such as woods, plastics and metals

Compliant materials

Materials that are flexible, such as textiles and some plastics

Properties

How materials perform in everyday use

Electronic data interchange (EDI)

The transfer of structured data from one computer system to another without human intervention

Working characteristics

How a material behaves when it is shaped and formed

Cellulose

Plant-based fibres used for paper-making

Board

Paper-based material, but thicker. Any form of paper weighing more than 200 gsm is classed as board

Laminating

Strengthening the material by building it up in layers with the same or another material

Hardwood

A natural material generally sourced from a deciduous tree

Sustainable

Capable of being produced with minimal long-term effect on the environment

Softwood

A natural material generally sourced from a coniferous tree

Seasoned

All natural wood is seasoned to remove moisture. The process of seasoning involves drying in a controlled way to prevent twisting and warping

Manufactured boards

Timber-based products produced by an industrial process involving gluing smaller pieces together

Recycling

A way of re-processing and re-using materials

Stock control

Managing the amount of stock held, by monitoring ordering and outflow

Ferrous metal

A metal containing iron

Non-ferrous metal

A metal that does not contain iron

Alloy

A metal produced by combining two or more metals

Synthetic

A manufactured material

Polymerisation

The process of creating a synthetic plastic

Thermoplastics

Plastic materials that can be remoulded with heat

Thermosetting plastic

A plastic material that, once mounded cannot be reshaped

Earthenware

A ceramic material fired at low tempratures

Stoneware

A ceramic material fired at high temperatures

Porcelain

A ceramic material fired at very high temperatures

Product data management (PDM)

A form of computer software used globally in business process automation

Glaze

A way of sealing and decorating a ceramic product

Natural fibres

Fibres made from animal, plant or mineral sources

Regenerated fibres

Fibres produced from natural raw materials by a chemical process

Synthetic fibres

Artificial fibres obtained solely by chemical means, mainly from oil

Nutrition

How our bodies take in and use food

Printed

The amount of energy that a food gives you when you eat it. It is measured in either calories (kcal) or joules (KJ)

Nutrients

Substances from food that give us energy, help repair body tissues, and regulate body functions. There are 6 different types of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water

Printed circuit board (PCB)

An insulating board containing conductive tracks for connecting electronic components

Components

Basic electronic units connected to other units by being soldered onto a printed board to create an electronic circuit

Soldering

The process of attaching a component to a printed circuit board by melting solder to make a permanent join