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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Bile Route
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Right and left hepatic duct
Common Hepatic duct Common Bile duct Pancreatic duct Duodenum * mnemonic Radiation Can Cause Pregnancy Defects |
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Spiral valves are within the ________
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cystic duct
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The cystic duct joins the ________ to the common bile duct.
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gallbladder
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What are the three functions of the gallbladder?
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1. Storage of bile
2. concentration of bile 3. contraction when stimulated |
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Chole refers to:
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bile
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cyst describes:
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bladder (sac)
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angio defines:
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vessel
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T/F
The Nasopharynx is definitely part of the digestive system. |
False
Of the three parts of the pharynx, the nasopharynx is the only one not part of the digestive system |
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esophagus is _______ to the trachea.
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posterior
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The esophagus goes from the level of _____ to _____
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C5/C6 - T11
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The esophagus is about ____ cm or ____ inches long.
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25 cm or 10 inches long
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Gaster is greek for _______
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stomach
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Ventriculus is latin for _______
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little belly
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Gastro is the modern prefix for ______
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stomach
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_______ handles mechanical digestion in the stomach
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Rugae
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The Duodenum is described as a _________ organ
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Retroperitoneal
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Substances ingested but NOT digested
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Vitamins
Minerals Water |
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Bile is manufactured by the _____
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liver
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The liver weighs ____ or ____ lbs
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3 or 4 lbs
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Bile is manufactured by the _____
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liver
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The liver weighs ____ or ____ lbs
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3 or 4 lbs
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The ________ border of the liver is the widest
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upper border
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The liver is partially divided into ___ _____ lobes and ____ ______ lobes
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The liver is partially divided into two major lobes and two minor lobes
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When viewing the liver from the front, which lobes can be seen?
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only the two major lobes
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The much larger right lobe of the liver is separated from the smaller left lobe by the __________
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Falciform ligament
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The quadrate lobe of the liver is located on the inferior surface of the right lobe between the _______ and the _____
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gallbladder and the falciform ligament
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The large inferior vena cava contours over the surface of the _______ lobe of the liver.
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caudate
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The right and left hepatic ducts join to continue as the __________
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common hepatic duct
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T/F
Bile may be secreted directly to the duodenum by way of the common bile duct? |
True
Bile can be carried to the gallbladder via the cystic duct for temporary storage, or it may be secreted directly into the duodenum by way of the common bile duct pg 447 |
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The folds of the cystic duct are called spiral valves, what is the function of spiral valves?
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To prevent distention or collapse of the cystic duct
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Bile is concentrated within the gallbladder as a result of _______
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hydrolysis (removal of water)
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What two factors can contribute to the formation of choleiths within the gallbladder?
What are Choleiths? |
1.) if too much water is absorbed
2.) if cholesterol becomes too concentrated Choleiths are gallstones |
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The common bile duct descends behind the superior portion of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas to enter the __________ portion of the _______.
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descending portion of the duodenum
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The common bile duct descends behind the superior portion of the duodenum and the head of the pancreas to enter the __________ portion of the _______.
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descending portion of the duodenum
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Which percentage of people have this strcuture? What what can go wrong in this location because of how narrow the passageway is??
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Hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of vater)
60% of people have a hepatopancreatic ampulla, 40% dont. Gallstones get impacted here because of the narrow passageway. |
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_______ relaxes when levels of CCK increase in the bloodstream.
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hepatopancreatic spincter (sphincter of Oddi)
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Fatty foods stimulate the duodenal mucosa to secrete the hormone ________
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
( increased levels of CCK in the blood cause the gallbladder to contract and the terminal opening of the common bile duct to relax ) |
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The gallbladder is _________ to the midocoronal plane
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anterior
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If it is necessary to place the gallbladder as close to the IR as possible, the ________ position is best.
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Prone
Gallbladder is anterior to midcoronal plane |
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If you want to drain a patients gallbladder into the duct system, which position is best?
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Supine
gallbladder is anterior and duct system is about midway between the front and back. |
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LABEL
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A. Cystic Duct
B. Neck C. Body D. Fundus |
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Cholecystitis means _______
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inflammation of the gallbladder
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Cholecystocholangiogram means _________
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study of both the gallbladder and the biliary ducts
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Cholangiogram means __________
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radiographic examination of the biliary ducts
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Cholelithiasis is _________
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condition of having gallstones
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Patients with complete blockage of the biliary ducts may develop ___________
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jaundice
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choledochalithiasis means _________
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stones in the biliary ducts
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The digestive system includes the entire _________ and several ________ organs.
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alimentary canal ; accessory organs
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The large intestine and anus are considered to be part of the _________
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lower GI system (covered in Chapter 15)
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Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of digestion
salivary glands pancreas stomach liver gallbladder |
stomach
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A radiographic examination specifically of the pharynx and esophagus is termed an _____________
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esophagram ( barium swallow )
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The procedure designed to study the distal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum in one examination.
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upper GI series (UGI)
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__________ is the preferred contrast medium for the entire alimentary canal
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barium sulfate mixed with water
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The oral cavity connects posteriorly with the __________
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pharynx
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Chewing movements to reduce the size of food particles and mix food with saliva are termed ___________
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mastication
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The _________ is the largest salivary gland located just anterior to the external ear.
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Parotid
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LABEL
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label A,B, & C
Which portion of the pharynx is not part of the digestive system |
nasopharynx
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The esophagus extends from the _________ to the ________
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The esophagus extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach
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The esophagus begins posterior to the level of the lower border of the _____________ @ C5 to C6
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cricoid cartilage of the larynx
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The esophagus terminates at its connection to the ______ at the level of ______
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stomach; T11
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The esophagus is posterior to the _______ and just anterior to the ______ and _______ vertebral bodies.
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The esophagus is posterior to the trachea and just anterior to the cervical and thoracic vertebral bodies
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The esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the level of _______
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T10
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Where does the esophagus present a distinct dilation?
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just before passing through the diaphragm
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Where do the two indentations of the esophagus occur?
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aortic arch
left primary bronchus |
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the abdominal portion of the esophagus is termed the __________ which is 1 to 2 cm and attaches directly to the stomach
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cardiac antrum
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The opening between the esophagus and the stomach is termed the _______________
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esophagogastric junstion (cardiac orifice)
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The upper stomach would normally follow the respiratory movements of the _______________
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diaphragm
The junction of the stomach and the esophagus are normally attached to the diaphragm, making the upper stomach move with the diaphragm |
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T/F
The esophagus is open and ready for food all the time. |
False
The esophagus is a collapsible tube that opens only when swallowing occurs |
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After swallowing, a bolus makes it to the stomach through ______ and ______
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gravity and peristalsis
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A wavelike series of involuntary muscular contractions that propel solid and semisolid material through the tubular alimentary canal.
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peristalsis
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the stomach is located between the ______ and ______
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esophagus and small intestine
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This sphincter relaxes periodically to allow gastric contents to move into the duodenum
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the sphincter @ the pyloric orifice
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The lesser curvature of the stomach can be found along the _______ border and is ______ in shape
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The lesser curvature of the stomach can be found along the medial border and is concave in shape
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The greater curvature of the stomach can be found along the ________ border.
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The greater curvature of the stomach can be found along the lateral border
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The three divisions of the stomach are the ____, ____ & _____
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fundus
body pylorus |
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The _______ of the stomach is the ballooned portion that lies lateral and superior to the cardiac orifice
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Fundus
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In the erect or upright position the fundus is usually filled with _______
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A bubble of swallowing air referred to as the gastric bubble
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the lower end of the large body of the stomach that is partially constricted and separates the body from the pyloric portion
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angular notch (incisura angularis)
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The pyloric portion of the stomach is divided into ________ which is slightly dilated and _________ which is narrowed and ends at the pyloric sphincter.
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pyloric antrum - slightly dilated
pyloric canal- narrowed |
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_________ formed by rugae along the lesser curvature funnels fluids directly from the body of the stomach to the pylorus
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gastric canal
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The Fundus is located ________ to the body of the stomach.
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posterior
(lateral view) |
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Where does the barium settle in the stomach when a patient is in a supine position?
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Fundus
In the supine position, the Fundus is the most posterior, so the barium settles in the fundus |
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where does the barium settle in the stomach in an RAO position
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The body and pylorus (prone position)
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In the erect position, air/gas rises to fill the ________ and barium falls by gravity to fill the ______ portion of the stomach.
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In the erect position, air/gas rises to fill the fundus and barium falls by gravity to fill the pyloric portion of the stomach.
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In which position is this patient in?
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AP supine barium in Fundus
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Which position is this patient in?
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RAO prone position, air in fundus
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Shortest, widest, and most fixed part of the small intestine?
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duodenum
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Whats the first superior portion of the duodenum that begins at the pylorus of the stomach
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duodenal bulb (cap)
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The second part of the duodenum is the ________ portion which possess the _____ ______, which is the opening for the common bile and pancreatic ducts.
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The second part of the duodenum is the descending portion which possess the duodenal papilla, which is the opening for the common bile and pancreatic ducts.
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The third part of the duodenum is the ___________ , which curves to the left to the final segment.
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horizontal portion
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The ascending portion of the duodenum is the _________ segment
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4th
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The junction of the duodenum with the jejunum is the ____________
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duodenojejunal flexure
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The ligament of Treitz holds the _____________ in place
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duodenojejunal flexure
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Is this AP or PA
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PA (air in fundus)
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LABEL
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A. Distal esophagus
B. Area of esophagogastric junction (cardiac orifice) C. lesser curvature of the stomach D. Angular notch E. Pylorus of stomach F. Pyloric valve or sphincter G. Duodenal bulb H. Second (descending) portion of duodenum I. Body of stomach J. Greater curvature K. Mucosal folds, rugae L. Fundus of stomach |
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Peristaltic activity can first be detected in the lower _______ and continues in the remainder of the alimentary canal.
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esophagus
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Match the following times to the normal passage times of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small intestine.
2-6 hrs 1-8 s 3 to 5 hrs |
Esophagus 1-8 s
Stomach 2-6 hrs Small intestine 3 to 5 hrs |
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Rhythmic segmentation (churning) occurs in the _________
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small intestine
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Deglutition (swallowing) occurs where?
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Oral cavity
Pharynx Esophagus |
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_________ are biologic catalysts which speed up chemical digestion
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enzymes
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The end products of fat (or lipids) during digestion are ______ and _______
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fatty acids and glycerol
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Digestion of carbohydrates happen in the _____ and ______, the end products of digestion of these complex sugars are ___________
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Digestion of carbohydrates happen in the mouth and stomach, the end products of digestion of these complex sugars are simple sugars.
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Protein digestion begins in the _______ and is completed in the ___________.
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stomach
small bowel |
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The end products of protein digestion are _______
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amino acids
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Most absorption of digestive end products takes place in the ______
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small intestine
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A patient with a high and transverse stomach most likely has a _________ body type.
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Hypersthenic
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When the large intestine is widely distributed the patient most likely has a _____ body type
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Hypersthenic
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If the stomach is J shaped and the left colic flexure is high the patients body type is most likely ________
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Sthenic
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If the stomach is J-shaped and low the body type is mostly likely ________
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Hyposthenic/Asthenic
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Match the level of the duodenal bulb to the following body types.
Hypersthenic Sthenic Hyposthenic/Asthenic L1-L2 L3-L4 T11-T12 |
T11-T12 = Hypersthenic
L3-L4 =Hyposthenic/Asthenic L1-L2 = Sthenic smaller = lower |
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If the large intestine is low and near the pelvis the patients body type is usually _________
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Hyposthenic/Asthenic
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Which body type would this patient be?
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hypersthenic
duodenal bulb level of T11-T12 |
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Which body type ??
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Sthenic
duodenal bulb level of L-1/L-2 |
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Which body type ??
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hyposthenic/ Asthenic
duodenal bulb level of L3-L4 |
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What's BaSO4?
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barium sulfate
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A mixture of barium sulfate and water forms a _____ ______, not a solution, because barium sulfate never dissolves in water.
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colloidal suspension
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What type of barium is this and what is the range of ratio's for this barium
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3:1 or 4:1 ratio of BaSO4 to water
three or four parts barium to one part water. |
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Why would a Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media be used instead of barium sulfate?
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Perforated viscus
Presurgical procedure |
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T/F
Even if a patient is sensitive to iodine, a Water-Soluble Iodinated Contrast Media can still be used. |
False
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What is being demonstrated by the arrows?
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Mucosal Folds Demonstrated during
Double-Contrast Upper GI study. |
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in a double contrast study, the radiopaque contrast medium is ______ and the radiolucent contrast medium is either _____ or _______.
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in a double contrast study, the radiopaque contrast medium is barium sulfate and the radiolucent contrast medium is either room air or carbon dioxide gas.
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digital fluoroscopy images can be enhanced and or manipulated by the use of ____________
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equalization filter
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What pathologic indication is shown?
What appearance does this indication have? |
Barretts
Stricture or streaked appearance of distal esophagus. |
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Which pathologic indication is shown here? What is the appearance? What is the major cause?
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Esophageal varices
Dilatation of veins in distal esophagus. Acute liver disease such as cirrhosis is a major cause. |
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Which pathology is this?
What's the appearance? Why does it happen? |
Zenker's diverticulum
Enlarged recess or cavity in the proximal esophagus Possibly caused by a weakness in the muscle wall |
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Which procedures may be performed to detect esophageal reflux?
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1. Breathing exercises
2. The water test 3. Compression paddle technique 4. The toe-touch maneuver |
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patient takes in deep breath and holds breath in while bearing down as if trying to move the bowels.
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Valsalva maneuver:
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patient exhales then tries to inhale against closed glottis.
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Mueller maneuver
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The toe touch maneuver is effective for ____ and _______
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reflux
hiatal hernia |
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Where is the arrow pointing
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peptic ulcer
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What is this?
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Hiatal hernia
A portion of the stomach herniates through the diaphragmatic opening. |
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a mass of undigested material that becomes trapped in the stomach
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bezoar
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This is an example of?
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Trichobezoar
undigested trapped hair |
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What is this?
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Duodenal diverticula
Pouch like herniations of a portion of the mucosal wall. |
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Whats this?
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Gastritis
Inflammation of the lining or mucosa of the stomach |
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The average healthy adult liver produces 1 quart or _______ to ______ ml of bile per day.
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800 to 1000
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What is a common site for impaction or lodging of gallstones?
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duodenal papilla
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list three structures that pass through the diaphragm
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esophagus
inferior vena cava aorta |
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where in the upper GI tract is a common site for ulcer disease?
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duodenal bulb
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Of the three primary food substances, the digestion of which occurs in the mouth?
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carbohydrates
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