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170 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
GIT
gastro intestinal tract
Functions of GIT
*acquire nutrients
*immune protection
Interior of GIT is actually
outside of the animal
Digestion
the breakdown of food particles and their nutrients into a size suitable for absorption
Absorption
intake of nutrients across cell membranes into the blood or lumen
"digested"
feed has been broken down
often implies breakdown and absorption
Prevent absorption?
internal parasites or bacterial gut infection
*causes permanent scarring of gut lining and downs absorption
Physical Digestion
chewing
gizzards(birds)
Chemical digestion
stomach acid (HCl acid)
Enzymatic Digestion
*key breakdown force*
-hydrolysis of bonds-
protease-protein
amylase-starch
Microbe fermentation Digestion
fiber>>>microbes>>> VFAs
Protein >
indv AA
small di&tri peptides
Carbs>
monosaccharides(monogastrics)
VFAs(ruminants/herbivores)
Fiber>
poorly digested(monogastrics)
VFAs(ruminants/herbivores)
Fats/Oils>
free-long chain fatty acids
monoglycerides
Nutrients Absorbed Unchanged
*Vitamins
*Minerals
*Water
*Alcohol
CARNIVORE
git tract
short, simple
protein/fat
fast ROP
sharp teeth
ex.) cat, raptor birds, ferrets
HERBIVORES
git tract
long, complex, large fermenation compartments
microbial
slower ROP
Flat teeth/ grinding
ex.) Ruminant, horse, deer
OMNIVORES
git tract
medium length and complexity
some fermentation of fiber in colon and cecum
mix of sharp and flat teeth
ex.) humans
Neophobia
fear of new foods
Neophelia
risky openness to new foods
Delayed Learning
eat a little and wait to see how they react to it
rats
Aversion Training
give bad food and emetic(Lithium Chloride)
MONOGASTRIC
git design
One true glandular stomach
(HCl and enzymes produced)
ex.) Horse, Poultry, Humans, Dogs, Cats
RUMINANTS
(polygastric)
git design
4 stomach-like compartments
1 true glandular stomach
ex.) sheep deer cattle
PSEUDORUMINANT
git design
only 3 compartments
1 true grandular stomach
ex.) camel llama, alpaca
Prehension
act of conveying food to the mouth
METHOD OF PREHENSION
Humans>
Cattle>
Horse>
Hogs>
Sheeps/Goats>
Poultry>

*hands
*tongue
*lips
*lower jaw
*lips(split lip, more flexible browsing)
*beak
Cow Tongue has what on the surface?
papillae
Mastication
chewing
Funtion of mastication
down particle size
up surface area for enzyme/mircrobe attachment
mix food and saliva
Synthetic Processing of Feed Grain
*premasticates for the animal*
grindng... hammer mill, fine texture(hogs and poultry) increased digestibility

*rolling/crimping/flaking
coarser, ups palitablity, roller mill
(cattle, horses, sheep goats)
Salivary Glands
1. Sublingual (under tongue)
2. Submaxillary (base of jaw)
3. Parotid (below ear)
-main source
Saliva Volume
Polutry>
Humans>
Dairy Cow>
*1-3 tbsp/day
*1-3 cups/day
*50-70 gal/day (cud chewing)
Saliva Flow Stimulation
1. sight of food/smell of food
2. dryness of food
3. eating/Cud chewing
Saliva Contents
98% water
Mucin
bicarbonate salts
enzymes
Salivary Water
lubricate swallowed bolus
improves taste sensations
cleansing effect on mouth
Bolus
Balls of food to be swallowed
Salivary mucin
mucus-like(glycoprotein)
slimy
lubricates bolus
breaks up "foamy" gas bubbles in Rumen
>>> prevents frothy bloat
Bicarbonate Salts
Sodium Bicarbonates
neutralize VFAs in Rumen
>> keeps pH at 6-7 neutral
Salivary Enzymes
a) amylase- starch, herbivores don't have
b) lipase- fats/oils, preweaning milk fat
c) lysozyme- antibacterial, dogs
Degultition
swallowing
peristaltic contractions of the esophagus
-some circlular muscles, some vertical
-aslo in the intestines, propels ingesta downstream
"reverse" peristaltics
function in esophagus(regurgitation)
Cows cud, birds
*lg Intestines keeps ingesta in longer
Glandular Stomach
monogastrics
abomasum(ruminants)
Glandular Stomach
FUNCTIONS
1. temporary food storage
-expandable
-chyme-contents of stomach
2. Mixing Action
-strong muscular walls
-mixing enzymes/acids
3. Enzymes from stomach lining
-no carb enzymes
Gastric Lipase
fats/oils
fatty foods slow ROP thru stomach
increase efficiency of fat digestion in stomach
Gastric Pepsin
a protease
produced in chief cells as a zymogen
pepsinogen- inactive form, activated by HCl once in stomach interior
Protein into polypeptide and petides
Gastric Rennin
a protease
specific for milk caesin protein
"curdles" the milk, slows the ROP
Extra Gastric Enzymes in Hogs
Chitinase
insects
Emotional Influences on Digestion
Fear, Anxiety, depression, pain,
lower digestive processes
Friends, Laughter, conversation
Up digestive processes
Stomach Secretion
HCl
hydrochloric acid
-from parietal cells in lining
-creates pH 2-3 in chyme
* ideal pH for pepsin/renin
*helps break peptide bonds
*destroys harmful bacteria

stress, irregular meals can up HCl and cause ulcers
Stomach Secretion
Mucus
"goblet cells"
protects the stomach lining for HCl
Nutrients Absorbed directly from stomach
water, medication, some minerals,

alcohol--- metaolized in cells to acetic acid, cell energy and fat storage
Small Intestines
designed for nutrient absorption

long narrow tube (hog 20yd)
3 sections of SI
1st> duodenum
2nd> Jejunum
3rd> ileum
duodenum
site of digestive secretion from pancreas and liver
Jejunum
middle section of SI
site of major nutrient absorption
ileum
continued absorption
inner lining of SI made of what kind of cells
epithelial cells "endocytes"
3 layers of tissue in SI
outermost:tough resilient connective tissue(sausage casings, violin strings)
Middle Layer: smooth muscle: peristalsis
Innermost: villi- peithelial lining, increases surface area for absorption
From SI into blood?
amino acids
monosaccharides
From SI into lymph duct?
(lacteal)
fatty acides
monoglycerides
microvilli
hairs on villi, brush border
further increase of Surface Area
Trypsin Inhibitor
substance in raw soybeans
downs protein digestion
Heat and Rumen microbes, destroy this
Accessory Digestive Organs
Pancreas
Liver
Gal bladder
accessory digestive Organs connect to SI by
bile duct
Normal SI villi apperance
tall
Damaged SI villi from viral/bacterial infection or internal parasite
short, stunted,
lower surface area, lower absorption efficiency
permanent scarring
Pacreas
produced pancreatic juices
that travel via bile duct to duodenum
Pancreatic Juices
contains: Sodium bicarbonate
enzymes
Sodium bicarbonate in Pancreatic Juices
gives pH of 8-9
- helps to neutralize chyme for enzymes
Pancreatic Enzymes
Lipase(fats)
Protease(protein)
--trypsin
--chymotrypsin
Amylase(starch)

increases starch digesitibility
Liver
all nutrients absorbed into blood directly from GIT to liver first through hepatic portal vein
Liver Funtions
metabolizes>>
stores>> >>>> nutrients
modifies>>>>>
detoxifies >>
Liver digestive Function
source of bile
bile
bitter, alkaline
stored in galbladder
presence of faty foods in SI triggers hormone(cholecystokinin) to make gallbladder contract and release bile into duodenum
Bile Salts
cholesterol based
amphipathic(water loving and hating)
Keeps oil broken up to increase SA for lipase to work better
What animals lack a galbladder?
How does this effect the Animal?
horse, Rat, Deer

-they have a continuous flow of bile to SI
Bile Blocker pills
diet pill, theoretically more fats and oil pass, but causes diarrhea or ANAL LEAKAGE
SI Enzymes at brush border
function when nutrients bump against them
Disaccharidases in Brush Border
final step of starch digestion
a)maltase
b)lactase
c)sucrase

breaks down into monosaccharides that are then absorbed into blood
Maltose and Sucrase Activity low in new borns, why?
Sucrose may cause scours in SI which will reduce absorption rest of life, that's why milk is best at first
Brush Border Peptidase
breaks down small peptides into free Amino Acids
then go into blood and then into liver
FINAL STEP OF PROTEIN DIGESTION
All monosaccharides are absorbed from SI and?
converted into glucose in liver before sent out as blood glucose
Insulin
hormone, protein
comes from islet cells of pancreas

after a meal, blood glucose increased and the pancrease sense that and releases insulin to lower blood glucose level
Diabetes-
&
Symptoms-
elevated blood sugar
and
thirst, hunger, increase urination
Type I Diabetes
genetic lack of insulin, inject insulin
Type II Diabetes
cells respond sluggishly to insulin

(insulin resistance)
Glycemic Index
scale of 1-100
each food given a number, high number increase blood glucose quickly and to a higher extent
High GI Foods are good for?
short periods of energy

athletics
Low GI Foods are good for?
longer more sustained energy
GI Food Examples
Glucose:
Pop:
Table Sugar:
Apple:
Glucose: 100
Pop:72
Table Sugar: 64
Apple:38
Low GI Foods help prevent?
development of Type II diabetes, due to less flucuation in clood glucose levels and less insulin releases
"Hind Gut"
After SI
"Fore Gut"
Stomach and SI
Progression of Hind Gut Sections
SI>>Cecum>>Colon>>Rectum>>Anus
ileo-cecal junction
between foregut and hind gut
Hind Gut differences from Foregut
no villi
no enzyme secretion
smooth mucosal lining
-mucus secretion
Hind Gut Functions
1. absorb (recycle) water
2. microbial fermentation of fiber
- microse>> cellulase enzyme and breaks fiber into VFAs
VFAs from microbial fermentation
1. Acetic Acid (2 Cs)
2. Propionic Acid (3Cs)
3. Butyric Acid (4 Cs)

used for cell energy and fat synthesis
Hind gut fermentors get up to __% of energy from ___s?
50% of energy from VFAs
Coprophagy
eating own or others feces
-way of recycling nutrients back through GIT 2nd time
>> B-Vits, Vit K, microbial protein
Vit K and B synthesized by hind gut microbes

ex>) Hogs, Dogs, Foals (inoculation), Rabbits
A Normal Healthy SI and Hindgut Lining contains
good bacteria
Advantages of Good Bacteria
helps prevent pathogenic bacteria from attaching
ex) lactobacillus, bifidobacterium
What four things down good bacteria population ad up suceptibility to disease?
Stress
Disease
Internal Parasites
Poor Diet
Re-establish Good Bacteria pop?
1.Probiotics
--->live culture good bact./yeasts
--->paste, feed additive
2.Prebiotics
--->undigestible oligosacc's or polysacc's in monogatic stomach and SI that provide a source of food for good bacteria and promote growth and population
ex)fructo-oligosacc's, inulin, lactulose
Avian GIT
eat fast and fly away
beak=prehension
no teeth
poor sense of taste
Avian Crop
enlargement of esophagus, soaking, mild fermentation
Avian Proventriculus
grandular stomach
fast ROP
HCL, pepsin, no renin(don't drink milk)
Avian Ventriculus
gizzard
think and muscular walls
contractious, grinds
diet seed against grit
down particle size(like mastication)
Raptor
Regurgitate pellets of undigest bones, hair, etc
Avian Intestines
same as other animals minus the lactose
Avian Colon
Short, 2 cecum, most birds can ferment some grass/fibers
Ratites
flightless birds, 50% of diet =forages
Avian Cloaca(vectum)
site of combined feces and urine formation
Excess body N
Birds>>ammonia>>> uric acid
Other Animals>> Ammonia>>>Liver>>>urea>>>toxic>>urine
RUMINANT GIT
Polygastric
3 pregastric compartments
---storage and microbe fermentation
---nonglandualr(no HCl, pepsin, or mucus

1 true glandular stomach, abomasum
Name the 4 Ruminant compartments
Rumen
Reticulum
omasum
abomasum
esophageal groove
important in young animals
Rumen Holds How much?
30 gallons
___ Rumen drier than ___ Rumen
dorsal, Ventral
Reticulum
"honeycomb"
holds metallic things in thick walled compartment

cow magnet fed orally
Omasum
prevents large particles from passing through, reticular groove goes into this compartment
Abomasum
True Stomach
many fold
pyloric valve
HCl and mucus
Upper Half of Abomasum
mucus
Lower Half of Abomasum
acid
pyloric valve
controls what's in the stomach
SI
smooth and thin
duodenum, jejudenum, illeum
Large Intestines
cecum--holds mostly liquid, microbial fermentation site, absorption, eventually back to LI
Pseudo Ruminants
camel, llama, alpaca
lack omasum
Rumen bacteria
predominat, 1 billion/ml rumen fluid
non motile, attach to feed surfaces
Rumen Protozoa
larger, less numerous
1 mil/ml
motile, swimming capabilities
prey on bacteria
less important than bacteria
defaunation
12-14C fatty acids
toxic to protozoa
kill off protozoa and has little effect on digestibility
Rumen Fungi
minor
Rumen Provides bacteria with
-constant food source
-constant temp 101-102 F ideal for microbes
-constant pH 6.0-6.5 ideal for microbes
-waste product of fermentation absorbed so not toxic
---VFAs, Ammonia
Open Fermentation System
constant intake of nutrients and outtake of waste
Closed Fermentation System
silo, alcohol
Host Ruminant Benefits of Microbes
-fiber fermentation, cellulase produced
-NPN(urea) converted into microbial Protein N
-detoxification of molds and other plants
Hogs Digest sugars and starches better than Ruminants because?
hogs can digest directly into SI (sucrase, amylase, maltase) and less energy is wasted on fermentation gases and heat
Rumination
cud chewing
---regurgitation of bolus of fiberous forages
---stimulated by fiber near cardia region(esophagus)
-consumes 8-11 hrs a day
Rumen
Enters where and different layers
Enters from Cardia Region
---------------------------
Top Layer: gas Pocket
Next Layer: Forage mat
Next Layer:finer forage and grain particles
Bottom Layer: liquid
Purpose of Rumination
down forage particle size
---allows passage into omasum
increase Surface Area for microbes
Promotes Salivation
---neutralizes Rumen VFAs
Acidosis
Rumen pH <5.9
acidity kills off fiber digestors
Caused by eating too many CHO
---ex) grain, fruid
---rapid increase in VFAs and lactic acid

lowers rumination and salivation
lowers Dry Matter Intake
How to reverse Acidosis?
Take away grain and offer high quality forage for a few days

Sodium Bicarbonate: added to diet to help prevent acidosis
(1/4-1/2 #/day)
Eructation
silent release of rumen gases via mouth
30-50 liter/hr ---on pasture
stimulated by gass pocket near cardia
Bloat
failure to eructate
due to: esophageal obstruction or cronic bloat

can lead to death by asphyxiation
Cronic Bloat
genetic deforming not allowing to eructate
Stop Bloat
place tube down throat

trochar: upper left

polaxaline(bloat guard)
Reverse Frothy Bloat
Increase Salivation, Mucin will dissolbe froth
Proper term for the muscular contractions that move bolus down the esophagus during swallowing
peristalsis
Proper term for the partially digested food contents of the stomach
chyme
What is the name of the central portion of a glandular stomach?
Fundic Area
What ensyme would be secreted in an "inactive" form from glands in the stomach?
pepsin
What types of nutrients pass through the stomach at the fastest ROP?
protein?
Fat?
Starch?
starch
Where is bile produced?
Liver
Explain how bile speeds up the digestion of dietary fats/oils?
Bill attaches onto the fat broken down by peristalsis and keeps them seperated to allocate more surface area for lipase to attack
What is the last section of the small intestines?
ileum
Which section of the stomach are HCL and Pepsin located?
Fundic Region
What section of the stomach has mucus?
pyloric and cardiac region
How does Starch pass through the GIT?
Mouth--- Salivary amylase- starts the breakdown
Stomach--- passes through
Small Intestines--- goes into pancreas
Pancreas--- amylase--- maltose
brush border---disaccharidase- final starch break down into glucose and VFAs
glucose goes into the blood and liver
How does Protein pass through the GIT?
Mouth--- passes through
Stomach---Pepsin & HCL break down into polypeptides
Small Intestines--- Trypsin, Chymotrypsin>> peptides
Jejunum---brush border-peptidase>> AAs
AAs go into blood and liver
How does Fat/Oil pass through the GIT?
Mouth--- salivary lipase- smaller chain fatty acids
Stomach--- gastric lipase-continues breakdown
Small Intestines---pancreatic lipase-fatty acids>>lymph duct
bile salts aid in further lipase digestion
goes into the blood
In monogastric animals, diestary starch and sugars must be broken down to what molecular size for absorption from the GIT?
monosaccharides
What type of anial has the simplest and shortest GIT?
carnivore
Main prehensile mouth part of the cow?
Tongue
What is unique about the mouth part of a sheep and what does it allow?
Split lip,
allows them to browse on shrubs and graze grasses close to the ground
Scientific Term for chewing food
mastication
Where is the sublingual salivary gland?
under the tongue
Describe two roles of mucin in the saliva of a cow?
lubricate the bolus
dissolve froth, prevent frothy bloat
What does the enxyme lysozyme function as in the saliva of a dog?
antibacterial