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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fertility
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the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal sperm; the ability to reproduce
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In preparation for a healthy pregnancy, a woman should establish what habits?
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1) achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
2) choose an adequate and balanced diet 3) be physically active 4) receive regular medical care 5) manage chronic conditions 6) avoid harmful influences |
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Conception
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the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization
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Placenta
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the organ that develops inside the uterus early in pregnancy, through which the fetus receives nutrients and oxygen and returns carbon dioxide and other waste products to be excreted
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Uterus
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the muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth
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Amniotic Sac
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the 'bag of water' in the uterus, in which the fetus floats
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Umbillica cord
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the ropelike structure through which the fetus's veins and arteries reach the placenta; the route of nourishment and oxygen to the fetus and the route of waste disposal form the fetus
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Umbilicus
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the scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the former attachment of the umbilical cord; belly button
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ovum
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the female reproductive cell, capable of developing into a new organism upon fertilization; commonly referred to as an egg
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sperm
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the male reproductive cell, capable of fertilizing and ovum
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zygote
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the product of the union of ovum and sperm; so-called for the first two weeks after fertilization
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implantation
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the state of development which the zygote embeds itself in the wall of the uterus and begins to develop; occurs during the first two weeks after conception
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Name the 4 stages of embryonic and fetal development
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1) fertilization of ovum to create a zygoate
2) implantation occurs and the embryo is formed 3) a fetus develops after 8 weeks 4) newborn infant born after 9 months |
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Embryo
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the developing inffant from two to eight weeks after conception
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fetus
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the developing infant from eight weeks after conception until term
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critical periods
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finite periods during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible effects on later developmental stages; usually a period of rapid cell division
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Gestation
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the period from conception to birth; for human beings the average length is 40 weeks
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trimesters
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pregnancy is often divided into 3 three month periods
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anencephaly
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an uncommon and always fatal type o neural tube defect characterized by the absence of a brain
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spina bifida
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one of the most common types of neural tube defects; characterized by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement
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What factors increase your risk for a neural tube defect?
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1) a previous pregnancy affected by a neural tube defects
2) maternal diabetes (type 1) 3) maternal obesity 4) exposure to high temperatures early in pregnancy (prolonged fever or hot tub use) 5) race/ethnicity (more common in whites and hispanics) 6) low socioeconomic status |
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What supplement can be taken to reduce your risk of neural tube defects in pregnancy?
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folate
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Fetal Programming
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the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in later life
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Preterm
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an infant born prior to the 38th week of pregnancy
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Term infant
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an infant born between the 38th and 42nd week of pregnancy
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Post term
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an infant born after the 42nd week of pregnancy
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cesarean section
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a surgically assisted birth involving removal of the fetus by an incision into the uterus, usually by way of the abdominal wall
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Macrosomia
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high birthweight infant; 9 lbs or more
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What can cause macrosomia?
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1) prepregnancy obesity
2) excessive weight gain during pregnancy 3) uncontrolled diabetes |
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A healthy weigh woman should gain how much weight during pregnancy?
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25-35 pounds
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How many extra calories and grams of protein should a pregnant woman consume during pregnancy?
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2nd trimester: +340 kcal/day
3rd trimester: +450 kcal/day Protein: +25 g/day |
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What key vitamin and mineral requirements increase during pregnancy to promote synthesis of DNA and new cells?
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Folate, Vitamin B12, Iron, Zinc
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Food craving
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strong desires to eat particular foods
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food aversions
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strong desires to avoid particular foods
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high-risk pregnancy
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a pregnancy characterized by indicators that make it likely the birth will be surrounded by problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, retarded growth, birth defects, and early infant death
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low-risk pregnancy
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a pregnancy characterized by indicators that make a normal outcome likely
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low birthweight
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a birthweight of 5.5 pounds or less; indicates probably poor health in the newborn and poor nutrition status in the mother during pregnancy, before pregnancy or both
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What is a normal birrthweight for a full-term baby?
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6.5-8.75 pounds
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Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA)
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size and weight are appropriate for their age and they can catch up in growth given adequate nutritional support
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Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
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suffered growth failure in the uterus and do not catch up as well, often reflects malnutrition
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Gestational diabetes
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abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy
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Transient Hypertension of Pregnancy
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high blood pressure that develops int he second half of pregnancy and resolves after childbirth, usually without affecting the outcome of the pregnancy
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preeclampsia
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a condition characterized by hypertension, fluid retention, and protein in the urine
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eclampsia
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a severe stage of preeclampsia characterized by convulsions
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Down syndrome
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a genetic abnormality that causes mental retardation, short statue, and flattened facial features
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What are some practices that are incompatible with pregnancy?
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1) alcohol
2) medicinal drugs 3) herbal supplements 4) illicit drugs 5) smoking and chewing tobacco 6) environmental contaminants (lead, mercury) 7) foodborne illness 8) vitamin-mineral megadoses 9) caffeine 10) weight loss dieting 11) sugar substitutes |
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
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the unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well infant; the most common cause of death of infants between the second week and the end of the first year of life
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listeriosis
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an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the baterium Liesteria monocytogenes, which can be killed by pasteurization and cooking but cna survive at refrigerated temperatures
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Lactation
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production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant
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Mammary Glands
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glands of the female breast that secrete milk
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Prolactin
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a hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland that acts on the mammary glands to promote the production of milk
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Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone
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mediates the release of prolactin
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Oxytocin
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a hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to eject milk during lactation and the uterus to contract during childbirth
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Let-Down Reflex
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the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant?
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1) provides the appropriate composition and balance of nutrients with high bioavailability
2) provides hormones that promote physiological development 3) improves cognitive development 4) protects against a variety of infections 5) may protect again some chronic diseases (diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, and hypertension) 6) protects against food allergies |
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What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the mother?
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1) contracts the uterus
2) delays the return of regular ovulation, thus lengthening birth intervals 3) conserves iron stores by prolonging amenorrhea 4) may protect again breast and ovarian cancer and reduce the risk of diabetes |
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What are some benefits of breastfeeding on the macro level?
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1) cost saving from not needing medical treatment for childhood illnesses or time off work to care for them
2) cost savings from not needing to purchase formula 3) environmental savings to societ from not needing to manufacture, package, and ship formula and dispose of the packaging 4) convenience of not having to shop for an prepare formula |
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Postpartum amenorrhea
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the normal temporary absence of menstrual periods immediately following childbirth
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Name some practices that are incompatible with lactation.
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1) alcohol
2) medicinal drugs 3) illicit drugs 4) smoking 5) environmental contaminants 6) caffeine |
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When is the critical period in fetal development?
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Weeks 2-8 as an embryo, cells double almost every 24 hours, by 8 wks it has a central nervous system, beating heart, digestive system, well defined fingers and toes, and beginning facial features
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Why do women of child bearing age need folate in their diet?
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folate is needed to support pregnancy, prevent neural tube defects, and reduce the severity of those that occur
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What are the benefits to exercising during pregnancy?
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1) maintains or improves fitness
2) prevent or manage gestational diabetes 3) facilitate labor 4) reduce stress 5) have fewer discomforts of pregnancy, develops the strength and endurance needed to carry the extra weight and labor through an intense delivery 6) maintains the habit that helps to lose excess weight after birth |
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What are some special concerns with the pregnant adolescent.
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1) nourishing a growing fetus adds to a teenage girl's nutrition burden
2) iron-deficiency anemia 3) prolonged labor due to the mother's physical immaturity All these result in stillbirths, preterm birth, low-birth weigh infants |
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What practices are incompatible with pregnancy?
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1) alcohol
2) medicinal drugs 3) herbal supplements 4) illicit drugs 5) smoking & chewing tobacco 6) environmental contaminants 7) foodborne illness 8) vitamin-mineral megadoses 9) caffeine 10) weight-loss dieting 11) sugar substitutes |
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What are the energy and nutrient needs during lactation?
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Energy: +330 kcal.day
Water: 3.8 L/day Iron: to replenish their own stores |
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A breastfeeding woman should drink plenty of water for what reason?
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to prevent dehydration, it does not increase the amount of milk produced or the concentration of nutrients in breast milk
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