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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water Balance
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the balance between water intake and output (losses)
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Intracellular Fluid
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fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. It accounts for approximately two-thirds of the body's water
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Interstitial Fluid
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fluid between the cells (intercellular), usually high in sodium and chloride; it is a large component of extracellular fluid.
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Extracellular fluid
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fluid outside the cells; it includes two main components - the interstitial fluid and plasma; it accounts for approximately one-third of the body's water
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Thirst
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a conscious desire to drink
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Dehydration
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the condition in which body water output exceeds water input; symptoms include thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness
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water intoxication
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the rare condition in which body water contents are too hgh in all body fluid compartments
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Renin
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an enzyme from the kidneys that activates angiotensin
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Angiotensin
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a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation; its precursor protein is called angiotensinogen; it is act6ivated by renin, an enzyme from the kidneys
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Vasoconstrictor
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a substance that constricts or narros the blood vessels
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Aldosterone
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a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; it also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations
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Adrenal glands
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glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney
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Salt
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a compound composed of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH; and example is sodium chloride Na+Cl-
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Dissociates
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physically separates
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Ions
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atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges; examples include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-)
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Cations
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positively charged ions
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Anions
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negatively charged ions
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Electrolytes
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salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions
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Electrolyte Solutions
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Solutions that can conduct electricity
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Milliequivalents (mEq)
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the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution; they are a useful measure when considering ions because the number of charges reveals characteristics about the solution that re no evident when the concentration is expressed in terms of weight
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Solutes
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the substances that are dissolved in a solution
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Solute concentration
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the number of molecules in a given volume of fluid
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Osmosis
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the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated
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Osmotic pressure
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the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane
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Carbonic Acid
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a compound with the formula H2CO3 that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20); of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid-base balance
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Major Minerals
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essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5 g
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Macro Minerals
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another name for major minerals
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Binders
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chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form complexes that body cannot absorb such as phytates and oxalates
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Sodium
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the principle cation in the extracellular fluids of the body; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions
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Salt Sensitivity
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a characteristic of individuals who respond to a high salt intake with an increase in blood pressure or to a low salt intake with a decrease in blood pressure
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Chloride
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the major anion in the extracellular fluids of the body; it is the ionic form of chlorine
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Potassium
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the principle cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions
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Calcium
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the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth
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Hydroxyapatite
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crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
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Mineralization
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the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone
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parathyroid hormone
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a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low
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parathormone
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another name for parathyroid hormone
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Calcitonin
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a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high
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Calcium rigor
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hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations
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Calcium tetany
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intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations
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Calcium binding protein
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a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption
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Peak Bone Mass
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the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life
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Osteoporosis
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a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals
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Adult Bone Loss
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another name for osteoporosis
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Phosphorus
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a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth
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Magnesium
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A cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems
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Sulfate
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the oxidized form of sulfur
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Sulfur
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a mineral present int he body as part of some proteins
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What are the functions of water in the body?
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1) carried nutrients and waste products throughout the body
2) maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen 3) participates in metabolic reactions 4) serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities 5) acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb 6) aids in the regulation of normal body temperature 7) maintains blood volume |
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What are typical sources of water intake?
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1) Liquids - 550-1500 ml
2) Foods - 700-1000 ml 3) Metabolic water - 200-300 ml Total = 1450-288 ml |
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What are the typical sources of water loss?
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1) kidneys (urine) - 500-1400 ml
2) skin (sweat) - 450-900 ml 3) lungs (breath) - 350 ml 4) GI tract (feces) - 150 ml |
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What are the chief functions of sodium in the body?
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-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction |
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What are deficiency symptoms of Sodium?
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muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite
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What are toxicity symptoms of sodium?
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edema, acute hypertension
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What are significant sources of Sodium?
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table salt, soy sauce
processed foods |
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What are the chief functions in the body of Chloride?
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-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion |
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What are deficiency symptoms of Chloride?
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do not occur under normal circumstances
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What are toxicity symptoms of Chloride?
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vomitting
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What are significant sources of Chloride?
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table salt
soy sauce processed foods |
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What are the chief functions of potassium in the body?
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-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-facilitates many reactions -supports cell integrity -assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions |
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What are deficiency symptoms of Potassium?
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irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance
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What are toxicity symptoms of potassium?
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muscular weakness, vomiting, if given in the vein can stop the heart
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What are significant sources of potassium?
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all whole foods: meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes
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What are the chief functions in the body of Calcium?
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-mineralization of bones and teeth
-also involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure |
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What are the deficiency symptoms of Calcium?
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-stunted growth in children
-bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults |
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What are toxicity symptoms of Calcium?
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-constipation
-increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction -interference with absorption of other minerals |
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What are significant sources of Calcium?
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-milk and milk products
-small fish (with bones) -calcium set tofu -greens -legumes |
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What are the chief functions in the body of phosphorus?
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-mineralization of bones and teeth
-part of every cell -important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance |
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What are deficiency symptoms of phosphorus?
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muscular weakness, bone pain
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What are toxicity symptoms of phosphorus?
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calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys
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What are significant sources of phosphorus?
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all animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)
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What are the chief functions in the body of magnesium?
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bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system
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What are deficiency symptoms of magnesium?
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-weakness
-confusion -if extreme convulsions, bizarre muscle movements, hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing -in children, growth failure |
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What are toxicity symptoms of magnesium?
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from nonfood sources only - diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration
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What are significant sources of magnesium?
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nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa
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What are the chief functions of sulfate?
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-as part of proteins, stabilized their shape by forming disulfide bridges
-part of vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin |
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What are the deficiency symptoms of sulfate?
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none known, protein deficiency would occur first
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What are the toxicity symptoms of sulfate?
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toxicity would occur only if sulfur-containing amino acids were eaten in excess; this suppresses growth (in animals)
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What are significant sources of sulfate?
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all protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts)
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