Principles Of Nutrition Chapter 12

Front 1

Water Balance

Back 1

the balance between water intake and output (losses)

Front 2

Intracellular Fluid

Back 2

fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate. It accounts for approximately two-thirds of the body's water

Front 3

Interstitial Fluid

Back 3

fluid between the cells (intercellular), usually high in sodium and chloride; it is a large component of extracellular fluid.

Front 4

Extracellular fluid

Back 4

fluid outside the cells; it includes two main components - the interstitial fluid and plasma; it accounts for approximately one-third of the body's water

Front 5

Thirst

Back 5

a conscious desire to drink

Front 6

Dehydration

Back 6

the condition in which body water output exceeds water input; symptoms include thirst, dry skin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and weakness

Front 7

water intoxication

Back 7

the rare condition in which body water contents are too hgh in all body fluid compartments

Front 8

Renin

Back 8

an enzyme from the kidneys that activates angiotensin

Front 9

Angiotensin

Back 9

a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation; its precursor protein is called angiotensinogen; it is act6ivated by renin, an enzyme from the kidneys

Front 10

Vasoconstrictor

Back 10

a substance that constricts or narros the blood vessels

Front 11

Aldosterone

Back 11

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys; it also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations

Front 12

Adrenal glands

Back 12

glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney

Front 13

Salt

Back 13

a compound composed of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH; and example is sodium chloride Na+Cl-

Front 14

Dissociates

Back 14

physically separates

Front 15

Ions

Back 15

atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges; examples include the positively charged sodium ion (Na+) and the negatively charged chloride ion (Cl-)

Front 16

Cations

Back 16

positively charged ions

Front 17

Anions

Back 17

negatively charged ions

Front 18

Electrolytes

Back 18

salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions

Front 19

Electrolyte Solutions

Back 19

Solutions that can conduct electricity

Front 20

Milliequivalents (mEq)

Back 20

the concentration of electrolytes in a volume of solution; they are a useful measure when considering ions because the number of charges reveals characteristics about the solution that re no evident when the concentration is expressed in terms of weight

Front 21

Solutes

Back 21

the substances that are dissolved in a solution

Front 22

Solute concentration

Back 22

the number of molecules in a given volume of fluid

Front 23

Osmosis

Back 23

the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the solutes are more concentrated

Front 24

Osmotic pressure

Back 24

the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane

Front 25

Carbonic Acid

Back 25

a compound with the formula H2CO3 that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20); of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid-base balance

Front 26

Major Minerals

Back 26

essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5 g

Front 27

Macro Minerals

Back 27

another name for major minerals

Front 28

Binders

Back 28

chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form complexes that body cannot absorb such as phytates and oxalates

Front 29

Sodium

Back 29

the principle cation in the extracellular fluids of the body; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions

Front 30

Salt Sensitivity

Back 30

a characteristic of individuals who respond to a high salt intake with an increase in blood pressure or to a low salt intake with a decrease in blood pressure

Front 31

Chloride

Back 31

the major anion in the extracellular fluids of the body; it is the ionic form of chlorine

Front 32

Potassium

Back 32

the principle cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions

Front 33

Calcium

Back 33

the most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth

Front 34

Hydroxyapatite

Back 34

crystals made of calcium and phosphorus

Front 35

Mineralization

Back 35

the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone

Front 36

parathyroid hormone

Back 36

a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low

Front 37

parathormone

Back 37

another name for parathyroid hormone

Front 38

Calcitonin

Back 38

a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high

Front 39

Calcium rigor

Back 39

hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations

Front 40

Calcium tetany

Back 40

intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations

Front 41

Calcium binding protein

Back 41

a protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption

Front 42

Peak Bone Mass

Back 42

the highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life

Front 43

Osteoporosis

Back 43

a disease in which the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals

Front 44

Adult Bone Loss

Back 44

another name for osteoporosis

Front 45

Phosphorus

Back 45

a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teeth

Front 46

Magnesium

Back 46

A cation within the body's cells, active in many enzyme systems

Front 47

Sulfate

Back 47

the oxidized form of sulfur

Front 48

Sulfur

Back 48

a mineral present int he body as part of some proteins

Front 49

What are the functions of water in the body?

Back 49

1) carried nutrients and waste products throughout the body
2) maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen
3) participates in metabolic reactions
4) serves as the solvent for minerals, vitamins, amino acids, glucose, and many other small molecules so that they can participate in metabolic activities
5) acts as a lubricant and cushion around joints and inside the eyes, the spinal cord, and in pregnancy, the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus in the womb
6) aids in the regulation of normal body temperature
7) maintains blood volume

Front 50

What are typical sources of water intake?

Back 50

1) Liquids - 550-1500 ml
2) Foods - 700-1000 ml
3) Metabolic water - 200-300 ml
Total = 1450-288 ml

Front 51

What are the typical sources of water loss?

Back 51

1) kidneys (urine) - 500-1400 ml
2) skin (sweat) - 450-900 ml
3) lungs (breath) - 350 ml
4) GI tract (feces) - 150 ml

Front 52

What are the chief functions of sodium in the body?

Back 52

-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction

Front 53

What are deficiency symptoms of Sodium?

Back 53

muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite

Front 54

What are toxicity symptoms of sodium?

Back 54

edema, acute hypertension

Front 55

What are significant sources of Sodium?

Back 55

table salt, soy sauce
processed foods

Front 56

What are the chief functions in the body of Chloride?

Back 56

-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion

Front 57

What are deficiency symptoms of Chloride?

Back 57

do not occur under normal circumstances

Front 58

What are toxicity symptoms of Chloride?

Back 58

vomitting

Front 59

What are significant sources of Chloride?

Back 59

table salt
soy sauce
processed foods

Front 60

What are the chief functions of potassium in the body?

Back 60

-maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance
-facilitates many reactions
-supports cell integrity
-assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions

Front 61

What are deficiency symptoms of Potassium?

Back 61

irregular heartbeat, muscular weakness, glucose intolerance

Front 62

What are toxicity symptoms of potassium?

Back 62

muscular weakness, vomiting, if given in the vein can stop the heart

Front 63

What are significant sources of potassium?

Back 63

all whole foods: meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes

Front 64

What are the chief functions in the body of Calcium?

Back 64

-mineralization of bones and teeth
-also involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting, blood pressure

Front 65

What are the deficiency symptoms of Calcium?

Back 65

-stunted growth in children
-bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults

Front 66

What are toxicity symptoms of Calcium?

Back 66

-constipation
-increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction
-interference with absorption of other minerals

Front 67

What are significant sources of Calcium?

Back 67

-milk and milk products
-small fish (with bones)
-calcium set tofu
-greens
-legumes

Front 68

What are the chief functions in the body of phosphorus?

Back 68

-mineralization of bones and teeth
-part of every cell
-important in genetic material, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance

Front 69

What are deficiency symptoms of phosphorus?

Back 69

muscular weakness, bone pain

Front 70

What are toxicity symptoms of phosphorus?

Back 70

calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys

Front 71

What are significant sources of phosphorus?

Back 71

all animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk)

Front 72

What are the chief functions in the body of magnesium?

Back 72

bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system

Front 73

What are deficiency symptoms of magnesium?

Back 73

-weakness
-confusion
-if extreme convulsions, bizarre muscle movements, hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing
-in children, growth failure

Front 74

What are toxicity symptoms of magnesium?

Back 74

from nonfood sources only - diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration

Front 75

What are significant sources of magnesium?

Back 75

nuts, legumes, whole grains, dark green vegetables, seafood, chocolate, cocoa

Front 76

What are the chief functions of sulfate?

Back 76

-as part of proteins, stabilized their shape by forming disulfide bridges
-part of vitamins biotin and thiamin and the hormone insulin

Front 77

What are the deficiency symptoms of sulfate?

Back 77

none known, protein deficiency would occur first

Front 78

What are the toxicity symptoms of sulfate?

Back 78

toxicity would occur only if sulfur-containing amino acids were eaten in excess; this suppresses growth (in animals)

Front 79

What are significant sources of sulfate?

Back 79

all protein-containing foods (meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legumes, nuts)