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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
scientific study of disease. |
Pathology |
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Cause of disease |
Etiology |
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Studies how disease develops. |
Pathogenesis |
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Invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic organisms. |
Infection |
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Occurs when an infection results in a change from a state of health |
Disease |
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_______ colonize newborn’s intestine. |
Vaginal lactobacilli |
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Ways in which many more microbes are introduced |
Feeding and breathing |
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________ and other bacteria colonize large intestine |
E. coli |
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_______ colonizes mucous membranes |
Candida albicans |
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Microorganisms that remain throughout an individual’s life |
Normal Microbiota or Flora: |
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Microorganisms that are present for a certain time period and then disappear. |
Transient Microbiota |
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Cells in human body |
1 x 10^13 |
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Microbes associated with human body |
1 x 10^14 |
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Normal flora inhibits overgrowth of harmful microbes. |
Microbial Antagonism |
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Vaginal flora maintains pH of ______ which inhibits overgrowth of ______ |
3.5-4.5, Candida albicans |
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In mouth, _____ produce compounds that inhibit growth of many other cocci. |
streptococci |
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In intestine, E. coli produce ______, which inhibit growth of closely related bacteria |
bacteriocins |
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C. difficile is inhibited by ____ |
normal intestinal flora |
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“Living together” |
Symbiosis |
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Relationship between the host and its normal flora |
Symbiosis |
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One organism benefits, the other is not affected (+/0) |
Commensalism |
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Many microbes live off secretions and dead cells and do not benefit or harm host. |
Commensalism |
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Both organisms benefit from living together (+/+). |
Mutualism |
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E. coli synthesizes vitamin K and some B vitamins |
Mutualism |
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One organism benefits, the other is harmed (+/-). |
Parasitism |
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Most disease causing bacteria |
Parasitism |
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Organisms that normally do not cause disease in their natural habitat in a healthy person |
Opportunistic Pathogens |
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The effect of two microbes acting together, is greater than the effect of either acting alone |
Synergism |
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Women with HIV infections develop very aggressive cervical cancers which are caused by ____ |
papillomavirus |
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Individuals with HIV and Human Herpes Virus 8 infections, are more likely to develop _____ |
Kaposi’s sarcoma |
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Koch's Postulate was developed in 1877 to establish cause of infectious disease which are ___ |
Anthrax and tb |
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Koch's postulate |
... |
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Exceptions to Koch's postulate |
... |
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Subjective feelings not obvious to an observer. |
Symptoms |
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Objective changes that can be measured |
Signs |
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A group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease |
Syndrome |
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Spread from one host to another, directly or indirectly |
Communicable Disease |
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Examples of Communicable Disease |
Tuberculosis, herpes, flu, AIDS, chickenpox, mumps, polio, and hepatitis |
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Spread easily from one person to another |
Contagious disease |
|
Contagious disease (examples) |
Chickenpox and measles |
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Not spread from one host to another. Caused by microbes that live outside the body or by opportunistic pathogens that live inside the body |
Noncommunicable Disease |
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Noncommunicable disease (examples) |
Tetanus, botulism, and yeast infections. |
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Percentage of population that contracts a disease in a given time period |
Disease Incidence |
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Percentage of population that has the disease during given time period |
Disease Prevalence |
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Occurs only occasionally. |
Sporadic Disease |
|
Sporadic Disease (example) |
Polio in US |
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Constantly present in the population. |
Endemic Disease |
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Endemic Disease (example) |
Common cold or ear infections |
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Many people acquire disease in short time period |
Epidemic Disease |
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Epidemic Disease (example) |
Influenza, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and AIDS |
|
Worldwide epidemics |
Pandemic Disease |
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Pandemic Disease (examples) |
Influenza and AIDS |
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Develops rapidly, but lasts a short time. |
Acute Disease |
|
Acute Disease (examples) |
Flu and common cold |
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Develops more slowly, and reactions are less severe. Tend to recur for long periods or to be continual. |
Chronic Disease |
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Chronic Disease (examples) |
Tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and infectious mononucleosis |
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Intermediate between acute and chronic. |
Subacute Disease |
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Subacute Disease (examples) |
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (streptococci) |
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Causative agent remains inactive for a time, but then becomes active and produces disease symptoms |
Latent Disease |
|
Latent Disease |
Shingles, genital and oral herpes, AIDS |
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Microbes are limited to small area of body |
Local Infection |
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Local Infection (examples) |
Boils, abscesses, and acne |
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Microbes are spread throughout body by blood or lymph |
Systemic (Generalized) Infection |
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Systemic (Generalized) Infection (examples) |
Measles and AIDS |
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Presence of bacteria in the blood |
Bacteremia |
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Bacteria multiply in blood. |
Septicemia |
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Presence of toxins in blood. |
Toxemia |
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Presence of viruses in blood. |
Viremia |
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Starts as a local infection and spread to other parts of body. |
Focal Infection |
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Acute infection that causes initial illness |
Primary Infection |
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Primary Infection (examples) |
Common cold |
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Caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection has weakened host immune system |
Secondary Infection |
|
Secondary Infection (examples) |
Pneumonia or bronchitis may develop after the common cold |
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Does not cause any noticeable illness in host. |
Subclinical Infection |