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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does carbon have the ability to do?
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To form large, complex molecules by bonding to itself and other elements such as H, O, N and P.
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What are carbon containing molecules called?
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Organic molecules.
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What is organic chemistry?
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The branch of chemistry that studies carbon compounds.
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Why are organic compounds named organic compounds?
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Because they were thought to be produced only by living organisms.
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What is carbon capable of?
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Forming an innumerable number of diverse molecules.
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What is vitalism?
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Belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of chemical and physical laws.
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What is mechanism?
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The belief that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena.
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How many other atoms can carbon atoms bond to?
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Four.
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What does tetravalent mean?
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The last orbital has four electrons.
Four valence electrons. |
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What are covalent bonds between two carbon atoms or carbon and hydrogen?
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Non-polar.
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What are covalent bonds with atoms except C and H?
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Polar, and C becomes slightly positive.
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Which bonds allow rotation?
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Single bonds.
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Which bonds do not allow rotation?
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Double and triple bonds.
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What kind of shape do carbon backbones have?
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A zigzag shape.
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What do the emergent properties of carbon determine?
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The molecular shape that determines the function of the molecule.
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What kind of shapes do carbon skeletons form?
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Straight, branched, or a ring.
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What are hydrocarbons?
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Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
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What are hydrocarbons the main component of?
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Petroleum and natural gas.
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What are isomers?
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Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula and hence different properties.
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How do structural isomers differ?
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The covalent arrangement of their atoms and in the location of the double bonds.
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How do cis-trans isomers differ?
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They differ in the spatial arrangement of the bonds.
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In cis-trans isomers, what do the double bonds not allow?
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They don't allow atoms to rotate around the molecular axis.
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In cis isomers, how are the functional groups arranged?
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They are arranged on the same side of the molecule.
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In trans isomers, how are the functional groups arranged?
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They are arranged on opposite sides of the molecular axis.
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What are enantiomers or stereoisomers?
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They are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.
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What is unique about enantiomers or stereoisomers?
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Usually one of the mirror images is biologically active and the other is not.
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Why is the knowledge of enantiomers important in pharmaceuticals?
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The two enantiomers of a drug may not have the same effect.
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What are functional groups?
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Groups of atoms that give distinctive chemical properties to the molecule they become attached.
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What compound is a hydroxyl group?
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--OH.
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Why is the hydroxyl group important?
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It is polar and attracts water helping dissolve organic compounds.
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What two types of carbonyl groups exist?
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Aldehyde if the carbonyl is at the end of the molecule, and ketone if the carbonyl is in the middle.
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What are compounds containing the carboxyl group?
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Carboxylic acids.
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What are carboxyl groups the source of?
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The H+ ion.
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What are organic compounds with amino groups called?
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Amines.
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Why do amino groups act as bases?
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They can pick up a proton from their surroundings.
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What are molecules with the sulfhydryl group called?
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They are called thiols.
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What do sulfhydryl groups do?
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They help stabalize the structure of proteins.
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What is phosphate?
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An anion formed by the dissocation of phosphoric acid.
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What is one function of the phosphate group?
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It facilitates the transfer of energy between organic molecules.
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