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39 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does carbon have the ability to do?
To form large, complex molecules by bonding to itself and other elements such as H, O, N and P.
What are carbon containing molecules called?
Organic molecules.
What is organic chemistry?
The branch of chemistry that studies carbon compounds.
Why are organic compounds named organic compounds?
Because they were thought to be produced only by living organisms.
What is carbon capable of?
Forming an innumerable number of diverse molecules.
What is vitalism?
Belief in a life force outside the jurisdiction of chemical and physical laws.
What is mechanism?
The belief that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena.
How many other atoms can carbon atoms bond to?
Four.
What does tetravalent mean?
The last orbital has four electrons.
Four valence electrons.
What are covalent bonds between two carbon atoms or carbon and hydrogen?
Non-polar.
What are covalent bonds with atoms except C and H?
Polar, and C becomes slightly positive.
Which bonds allow rotation?
Single bonds.
Which bonds do not allow rotation?
Double and triple bonds.
What kind of shape do carbon backbones have?
A zigzag shape.
What do the emergent properties of carbon determine?
The molecular shape that determines the function of the molecule.
What kind of shapes do carbon skeletons form?
Straight, branched, or a ring.
What are hydrocarbons?
Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
What are hydrocarbons the main component of?
Petroleum and natural gas.
What are isomers?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula and hence different properties.
How do structural isomers differ?
The covalent arrangement of their atoms and in the location of the double bonds.
How do cis-trans isomers differ?
They differ in the spatial arrangement of the bonds.
In cis-trans isomers, what do the double bonds not allow?
They don't allow atoms to rotate around the molecular axis.
In cis isomers, how are the functional groups arranged?
They are arranged on the same side of the molecule.
In trans isomers, how are the functional groups arranged?
They are arranged on opposite sides of the molecular axis.
What are enantiomers or stereoisomers?
They are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed.
What is unique about enantiomers or stereoisomers?
Usually one of the mirror images is biologically active and the other is not.
Why is the knowledge of enantiomers important in pharmaceuticals?
The two enantiomers of a drug may not have the same effect.
What are functional groups?
Groups of atoms that give distinctive chemical properties to the molecule they become attached.
What compound is a hydroxyl group?
--OH.
Why is the hydroxyl group important?
It is polar and attracts water helping dissolve organic compounds.
What two types of carbonyl groups exist?
Aldehyde if the carbonyl is at the end of the molecule, and ketone if the carbonyl is in the middle.
What are compounds containing the carboxyl group?
Carboxylic acids.
What are carboxyl groups the source of?
The H+ ion.
What are organic compounds with amino groups called?
Amines.
Why do amino groups act as bases?
They can pick up a proton from their surroundings.
What are molecules with the sulfhydryl group called?
They are called thiols.
What do sulfhydryl groups do?
They help stabalize the structure of proteins.
What is phosphate?
An anion formed by the dissocation of phosphoric acid.
What is one function of the phosphate group?
It facilitates the transfer of energy between organic molecules.