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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Minimum effective concentration needed to inhibit bacterial growth
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Bacteriostatic
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Minimum effective concentration needed to kill the bacteria
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Bacteriocidal
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Bacteriostatic Therapy is needed for:
(5 conditions) |
1. Bacterial infection in immune compromised host
2. Endocarditis (other intravascular infection) 3. Meningitis and brain abscess 4. Osteomylitis 5. Prosthetic device infection |
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Drug absorption affects antimicrobioal effectiveness how?
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1. Food may help or harm
2. Keoconazole requires acid pH. Chelation of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones by cations in antacids may block absorption. |
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How are drugs eliminated from the system?
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1. Kidneys
2. Hepatobiliary (Liver) 3. Metobolism (liver) |
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Beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins) action
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Inhibits cell wall synthesis (peptidoglycan) and assembly. Effective against Gram-positive bacteria
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Examples of Beta-lactams (penicillins and cephalosporins)
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Penicillin G
Cephalothin |
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Synthetic beta-lactams examples
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Ampicillin
Amoxicillin Gram-positive and Gram-Negative bacteria |
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Clavulanic Acid mechanism of action
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Inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamases
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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Clavulanic Acid examples
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Augmentin plus Amoxicillin
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Monobactams Action
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Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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Monobactams Examples
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Azteonam
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Carboxypenems Action
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Inhibits steps in cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis and murein assembly
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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Carboxypenems Examples
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Imipenem
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Aminoglycosides Action
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Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Gentamicin (Pseudomonas) |
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Aminoglycosides Examples
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Streptomycin
Gentamicin |
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Glycopeptides Action
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Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly
Gram-positive bacteria espcial S. aureus |
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Glycopeptides Examples
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Vancomycin
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Lincomycins Action
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Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria especially Bacteroides |
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Lincomycins Examples
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Clindamycin
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Macrolides action
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Inhibit translation (protein synthesis)
Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria not enterics, Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma |
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Macrolides Examples
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Erythromycin, Azithromycin
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Polypeptides Action
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Damages cytoplasmic membranes and can
Inhibits steps in murein (peptidoglycan) biosynthesis and assembly Effective on both Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria |
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Polypeptides Examples
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Polymyxin
Bacitracin (Bacillus) |
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Polyenes Action
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Inactivate membranes containing sterols
Fungi (Histoplasma and Candida) |
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Polyenes Examples
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Amphotericin
Nystatin |
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Rifamycins Action
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Inhibits transcription (bacterial RNA polymerase)
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Rifamycins Examples
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Rifampicin
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Tetracyclines Action
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Inhibit translation (protein synthesis)
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsias Synthetic, add Ehrlichia, Borrelia |
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Tetracyclines Examples
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Tetracycline
Doxycycline |
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Chloramphenicol Action
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Inhibits translation (protein synthesis)
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria |
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Chloramphenicol Examples
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Chloramphenicol
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Quinolones Action
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Inhibit DNA replication
Gram-negative bacteria |
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Quinolones Examples
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Nalidixic acid
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Fluoroquinolones Action
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Inhibits DNA replication
Gram-negative bacteria and some Gram-positive bacteria (b. anthracis) |
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Fluoroquinolones Examples
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Ciprofloxacin
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Growth factor analogs mechanisms of action (3)
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1. Inhibits folic acid metabolism (anti-folate)
2. Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis; analog of pyridoxine (Vit B6) 3. Anti-folate |
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Growth factor analogs examples
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Sulfanilamide, Gantrisin, Trimethoprim
Isoniazid (INH) para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) |
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Penicillins action
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Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall after binding to penicillin binding proteins (many
of these are enzymes are involved in cell wall biosynthesis). |
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Penicillin Resistance
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Beta-lactamase producers
Alter PB site Tolerance Alter cell wall permiability |
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Cephalosporins action
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Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall after binding to penicillin binding proteins (many
of these are enzymes are involved in cell wall biosynthesis). |
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Cephalosporins Resistance
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1. β-lactamase production
2. Alterations in target penicillin binding proteins. 3. Inability of the drug to reach its binding site: In order to reach its target PBP, a cephalosporin must penetrate an organism’s cell envelope. This is done relatively easily in the case of gram-positive organisms, as the peptidoglycan structure that comprises the cell wall routinely allows the passage of cephalosporin-sized particles. Gram-negative organisms possess a more formidable barrier, a complex structure composed of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. Materials penetrate this outer cell envelope through water-filled channels, or porions, produced by various outer membrane proteins. Passage by a cephalosporin depends on channel size, charge, and hydrophilic properties. |
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Penicillins action
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Penicillin inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall after binding to penicillin binding proteins (many
of these are enzymes are involved in cell wall biosynthesis). |
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Penicillin Resistance
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Beta-lactamase producers
Alter PB site Tolerance Alter cell wall permiability |
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Cephalosporins action
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Inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall after binding to penicillin binding proteins (many
of these are enzymes are involved in cell wall biosynthesis). |
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Cephalosporins Resistance
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1. β-lactamase production
2. Alterations in target penicillin binding proteins. 3. Inability of the drug to reach its binding site: In order to reach its target PBP, a cephalosporin must penetrate an organism’s cell envelope. This is done relatively easily in the case of gram-positive organisms, as the peptidoglycan structure that comprises the cell wall routinely allows the passage of cephalosporin-sized particles. Gram-negative organisms possess a more formidable barrier, a complex structure composed of polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. Materials penetrate this outer cell envelope through water-filled channels, or porions, produced by various outer membrane proteins. Passage by a cephalosporin depends on channel size, charge, and hydrophilic properties. |